René Descartes (1596–1650)

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1. Charles William Eliot

   Author of The Apology, Phædo, and Crito of Plato; The Golden sayings of Epictetus; The Meditations of Marcus Aurelius, Elizabethan Drama, Volume I: Marlowe; Shakespeare, Sacred Writings, Volume I: Confucian; Hebrew; Christian (Part I)

2. Immanuel Kant

   Author of Critique of Pure Reason, Groundwork of the Metaphysic of Morals, The Critique of Judgement / The Critique of Practical Reason / The Critique of Pure Reason

3. René Descartes

   Author of Meditations on First Philosophy, Discourse on Method, The Geometry of René Descartes

4. Aristotle

   Author of Nicomachean Ethics, Poetics, On Man in the Universe (Classics Club)

5. David Hume

   Author of A Treatise of Human Nature, Dialogues Concerning Natural Religion, An Enquiry Concerning the Principles of Morals

6. Plato

   Author of The Republic, The Symposium, Gorgias

7. Friedrich Nietzsche

   Author of The Portable Nietzsche, On the Genealogy of Morals and Ecce Homo, The Twilight of the Idols and The Anti-Christ: or How to Philosophize with a Hammer

8. John Locke

   Author of Second Treatise of Government, An Essay Concerning Human Understanding, Two Treatises of Government

9. Ludwig Wittgenstein

   Author of Philosophical Investigations, The Blue and Brown Books, On Certainty

10. Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel

    Author of Phenomenology of Spirit, The Philosophy of History, Hegel: Philosophy of Mind (Hegel's Encyclopedia of the Philosophical Sciences)

11. John Stuart Mill

    Author of On Liberty, Utilitarianism, Utilitarianism; On Liberty; On Representative Government (Everyman's University Paperbacks)

12. Blaise Pascal

    Author of The provincial letters, Britannica Great Books: Pascal, Oeuvres complètes

13. Sigmund Freud

    Author of Civilization and Its Discontents, The Interpretation of Dreams, Introductory Lectures on Psychoanalysis

14. George Berkeley

    Author of Three Dialogues Between Hylas and Philonous, Principles of Human Knowledge and Three Dialogues Between Hylas and Phil (Penguin Classics), Philosophical Works: Including the Works on Vision

15. Martin Heidegger

    Author of Being and Time, Poetry, Language, Thought, The basic problems of phenomenology [Die Grundprobleme der Phänomenologie [GA 24]]

16. Benedictus de Spinoza

    Author of The Theologico-Political Treatise, A Spinoza Reader, On the Improvement of the Understanding

17. Isaac Newton

    Author of Principia Mathematica, Opticks: Or a Treatise of the Reflections, Refractions, Inflections & Colours of Light-Based on the Fourth Edition London, 1730, Britannica Great Books: Newton and Huygens

18. Francis Bacon

    Author of Essays, Britannica Great Books: Bacon, Essays and New Atlantis

19. Saint Augustine

    Author of Confessions, City Of God, On Free Choice of the Will

20. John Milton

    Author of The Complete Poetry of John Milton, Britannica Great Books: Milton