Immanuel Kant (1724–1804)
Author of Critique of Pure Reason
About the Author
The greatest of all modern philosophers was born in the Baltic seaport of Konigsberg, East Prussia, the son of a saddler and never left the vicinity of his remote birthplace. Through his family pastor, Immanuel Kant received the opportunity to study at the newly founded Collegium Fredericianum, show more proceeding to the University of Konigsberg, where he was introduced to Wolffian philosophy and modern natural science by the philosopher Martin Knutzen. From 1746 to 1755, he served as tutor in various households near Konigsberg. Between 1755 and 1770, Kant published treatises on a number of scientific and philosophical subjects, including one in which he originated the nebular hypothesis of the origin of the solar system. Some of Kant's writings in the early 1760s attracted the favorable notice of respected philosophers such as J. H. Lambert and Moses Mendelssohn, but a professorship eluded Kant until he was over 45. In 1781 Kant finally published his great work, the Critique of Pure Reason. The early reviews were hostile and uncomprehending, and Kant's attempt to make his theories more accessible in his Prolegomena to Any Future Metaphysics (1783) was largely unsuccessful. Then, partly through the influence of former student J. G. Herder, whose writings on anthropology and history challenged his Enlightenment convictions, Kant turned his attention to issues in the philosophy of morality and history, writing several short essays on the philosophy of history and sketching his ethical theory in the Foundations of the Metaphysics of Morals (1785). Kant's new philosophical approach began to receive attention in 1786 through a series of articles in a widely circulated Gottingen journal by the Jena philosopher K. L. Reinhold. The following year Kant published a new, extensively revised edition of the Critique, following it up with the Critique of Practical Reason (1788), treating the foundations of moral philosophy, and the Critique of Judgment (1790), an examination of aesthetics rounding out his system through a strikingly original treatment of two topics that were widely perceived as high on the philosophical agenda at the time - the philosophical meaning of the taste for beauty and the use of teleology in natural science. From the early 1790s onward, Kant was regarded by the coming generation of philosophers as having overthrown all previous systems and as having opened up a whole new philosophical vista. During the last decade of his philosophical activity, Kant devoted most of his attention to applications of moral philosophy. His two chief works in the 1790s were Religion Within the Bounds of Plain Reason (1793--94) and Metaphysics of Morals (1798), the first part of which contained Kant's theory of right, law, and the political state. At the age of 74, most philosophers who are still active are engaged in consolidating and defending views they have already worked out. Kant, however, had perceived an important gap in his system and had begun rethinking its foundations. These attempts went on for four more years until the ravages of old age finally destroyed Kant's capacity for further intellectual work. The result was a lengthy but disorganized manuscript that was first published in 1920 under the title Opus Postumum. It displays the impact of some of the more radical young thinkers Kant's philosophy itself had inspired. Kant's philosophy focuses attention on the active role of human reason in the process of knowing the world and on its autonomy in giving moral law. Kant saw the development of reason as a collective possession of the human species, a product of nature working through human history. For him the process of free communication between independent minds is the very life of reason, the vocation of which is to remake politics, religion, science, art, and morality as the completion of a destiny whose shape it is our collective task to frame for ourselves. (Bowker Author Biography) Philosopher Immanuel Kant was born in 1724 in Konigsberg, East Prussia. He studied at the University of Konigsberg, where he would act as a lecturer and professor after a brief career as a private tutor. Kant was an incredibly influential philosopher, his theories having impact on the likes of Schopenhauer and Hegel. Kant's most prominent works include Critique of Pure Reason (1781), Foundations of the Metaphysics of Morals (1785) and Critique of Practical Reason (1788). He died in 1804. (Bowker Author Biography) show less
Series
Works by Immanuel Kant
Grounding for the Metaphysics of Morals / On a Supposed Right to Lie Because of Philanthropic Concerns (1785) — Author — 1,126 copies
Prolegomena to Any Future Metaphysics / Letter to Marcus Herz, February 1772 (2001) — Author — 649 copies
Perpetual Peace, and Other Essays on Politics, History, and Morals (HPC Classics Series) (1983) 403 copies
Prolegomena to Any Future Metaphysics / Selections from the Critique of Pure Reason (1783) — Author — 317 copies
Critique of Pure Reason / Critique of Practical Reason / Critique of Judgment (1993) — Author — 189 copies
Ethical Philosophy: Grounding for the Metaphysics of Morals & Metaphysical Principles of Virtue (1983) 165 copies
Toward Perpetual Peace and Other Writings on Politics, Peace, and History (Rethinking the Western Tradition) (2006) 56 copies
Vers la paix perpétuelle ; Que signifie s'orienter dans la pensée ? ; Qu'est-ce que les Lumières ? : et autres… (1993) 44 copies
Over de gemeenplaats dat kan in theorie wel juist zijn, maar deugt niet voor de praktijk (1974) 43 copies
What Real Progress Has Metaphysics Made in Germany Since the Time of Leibniz and Wolff? (1973) 32 copies
Crítica de la razón práctica ; En torno al tópico: "eso vale para la teoría pero no sirve de nada en la práctica"… (2010) 31 copies
Prolegomena to Any Future Metaphysics: with two early reviews of the Critique of Reason (Oxford Philosophical Texts) (2004) 26 copies
Analytic of the beautiful, from the Critique of judgment: With excerpts from Anthropology from a pragmatic viewpoint,… (1963) 25 copies
Fundamentación de la metafísica de las costumbres ; Crítica de la razón práctica ; La Paz perpetua (1995) 21 copies
Kant's Introduction to logic and his Essay on the mistaken subtilty of the four figures (1963) 19 copies
Werke in sechs Bänden Bd I. Träume eines Geistersehers und andere vorkritische Schriften (1995) 18 copies
Groundwork of the Metaphysics of Morals / Introduction to the Metaphysic of Morals / The Metaphysical Elements of… (2008) 15 copies
Crítica del juicio ; Contestación a la pregunta: ¿Qué es la Ilustración? ; Idea para una historia universal en… (2014) 15 copies
Werke in sechs Bänden / Wörterbuch zum leichteren Gebrauch der Kantischen Schriften (1998) 12 copies
The Philosophy of Law: An Exposition of the Fundamental Principles of Jurisprudence As the Science of Right (1974) 12 copies
Selections [edition unknown] 11 copies
The Great Books Foundation Set 3 Vol. 5 Books 8,9,10 Rousseau, The Social Contract; Kant, Perpetual Peace; Voltaire,… (1966) 11 copies
Anthropology, History, and Education (The Cambridge Edition of the Works of Immanuel Kant in Translation) (2007) 9 copies
Philosophische Bibliothek, Bd.443, Über den Gemeinspruch: 'Das mag in der Theorie richtig sein, taugt aber… (1992) 9 copies
Metaphysical Elements of Ethics 9 copies
Kant 8 copies
Kant"s Prolegomena To Any Future Metaphysics With an Essay on Kant"s Philosophy and Other Supplementary Material for… (1929) 7 copies
Kant's Gesammelte Schriften / Akademieausgabe, Bd.5 (Abt.1, Werke, Bd.5), Kritik der praktischen Vernunft; Kritik der… (1963) 7 copies
The Moral Law: Groundwork of the Metaphysics of Morals: Volume 68 (Routledge Classics) (2012) 7 copies
The Great Books Second Year Volume Eight 13 Rousseau On The Origin Of Inequality 14 Kant Perpetual Peace (The Great… (1955) 7 copies
Kant's principles of politics, including his essay on Perpetual peace. A contribution to political science (2010) 6 copies
Kant's Critical Philosophy For English Readers V2: The Prolegomena Translated With Notes And Appendices (1889) 5 copies
Von den Träumen der Vernunft. Kleine Schriften zur Kunst, Philosophie, Geschichte und Politik (1981) 5 copies
Immanuel Kant 5 copies
Werke in zehn Bänden. 9. Schriften zur Anthropologie, Geschichtsphilosophie, Politik und Pädagogik 4 copies
The Critique of Pure Reason by Immanuel Kant: The Complete Work Plus an Overview, Chapter by Chapter Summary and Author… (2015) 4 copies
Immanuel Kant : observations on the feeling of the beautiful and sublime and other writings (2011) 4 copies
Werkausgabe in 12 Bänden: Werkausgabe, Bd.5, Schriften zur Metaphysik und Logik, Teil 1.: Bd 5 4 copies
Lo Stato di Diritto 4 copies
Die Kritiken: Kritik der praktischen Vernunft. Kritik der reinen Vernunft. Kritik der Urteilskraft. Was ist… (2008) 4 copies
Transicion de Los Principios Metafisicos de (Autores, Textos y Temas) (Spanish Edition) (1983) 4 copies
Kant - selections 3 copies
Werke in zehn Bänden 3 copies
Geographische und andere naturwissenschaftliche Schriften (Philosophische Bibliothek) (German Edition) (1985) 3 copies
Kant I 3 copies
Denken mit Immanuel Kant: Eine Einführung in die Gedankenwelt des Vaters der modernen Philosophie von Wolfgang Kraus (2005) 3 copies
Werkausgabe in 12 Bänden: Werkausgabe, Bd.6, Schriften zur Metaphysik und Logik, Teil 2.: Bd 6 3 copies
Avhandlingar om fred och rätt 2 copies
Baumgarten's Elements of First Practical Philosophy: A Critical Translation with Kant's Reflections on Moral… (2021) 2 copies
Classic Philosophy: 4 books by Kant, in English translation, in a single file, improved 9/1/2010 (2009) 2 copies
Gesammelte Schriften / Akademieausgabe, Bd.4 (Abt.1, Werke, Bd.4), Kritik der reinen Vernunft; Prolegomena; Grundlegung… (1963) 2 copies
Sobre el tema del concurso para el año de 1791 propuesto por la Academia Real de Ciencias de Berlín… (1987) 2 copies
Denken wagen: Der Weg aus der selbstverschuldeten Unmündigkeit. [Was bedeutet das alles?] (Reclams… (2017) 2 copies
Gesammelte Schriften / Akademieausgabe, Bd.29/1/1 (Abt.4, Vorlesungen, Bd.6, 1. Hälfte, Teilbd.1), Kleinere… (1980) 2 copies
Δοκίμια 2 copies
Kant's handſchriftlicher Nachlak, Band IX: Opus postumum: Zweite Hälfte (Convolut VII bis XIII) 2 copies
Wij zijn allemaal migranten : bevat tevens teksten van Immanuel Kant, Karl Popper, Hannah Arend & Jacques Derrida (2016) — Contributor — 2 copies
Kant's Theory of Ethics 2 copies
THE PHILOSOPHY OF KANT, AS CONTAINED IN EXTRACTS FROM HIS OWN WRITINGS. SELECTED AND TRANSLATED BY JOHN WATSON, LL.D (2008) 2 copies
Pensiero ed esperienza 2 copies
Four neglected essays by Immanuel Kant : John Richardson's 1798-99 translations, with a sketch of [Kant's] life and… (1994) 2 copies
Kant's cosmogony as in his essay on the retardation of the rotation of the earth and his Natural history and theory of… (1900) 2 copies
Qu' est-ce que les Lumières ?: suivi d'un dossier sur la notion de liberté (2015) — Author — 2 copies
Immanuel Kant's Critique of Pure Reason (Volume 1); In Commemoration of the Centenary of Its First Publication (2007) 2 copies
Tanke och hälsa : om själens makt att genom blotta föresatsen bliva herre över sina sjukliga… 2 copies
Critique of Practical Reason / Groundwork of the Metaphysics of Morals / Metaphysics of Morals (1991) 2 copies
O formie i zasadach świata dostępnego zmysłom oraz świata inteligibilnego ; O pierwszej podstawie różnicy… (2004) 2 copies
Che cos'è l'illuminismo? Con altri testi e risposte di Erhard, Forster, Hamann, Herder, Laukhard, Lessing,… (1987) 2 copies
Qu'est ce que les lumières? - Fondation de la métaphysiques des moeurs - Introduction à la… (2008) 2 copies
Lettres sur la morale et la religion 2 copies
Resposta à pergunta: O que é esclarecimento?: E outros textos (Grandes Ideias) (Portuguese Edition) 1 copy
Collected Works 1 copy
The Principles of Critical Philosophy, Selected From the Works of Emmanuel Kant ... and Expounded by James Sigismund… (2018) 1 copy
The Kantian Ethics: Metaphysics of Morals, The Critique of Practical Reason & Perpetual Peace 1 copy
The Quotable Kant 1 copy
General Introduction to the Metaphysic of Morals ; The Science of Right ; The Critique of Judgement 1 copy
Die Drei Kritiken 1 copy
Kopstukken filosofie : Kant 1 copy
Progressos da metafísica 1 copy
Kant-Aussprüche 1 copy
[Grounding for the Metaphysics of Morals (Hackett Classics)] [By: Kant, Immanuel] [December, 1981] 1 copy
Kant 1 copy
Emmanuel Kant: Oeuvres Majeures (L'édition intégrale - 24 titres): Critique de la raison pratique Doctrine de la… (2014) 1 copy
Homenaje a Kant 1 copy
Os Pensadores: Kant,- 7ª Ed. 1 copy
FILOZOFIA KRITIKE 1 copy
Metafísica futura 1 copy
Metafizika morala 1 copy
Венская логика 1 copy
Considérations sur l'optimisme (1759) - L'unique fondement possible d'une démonstration de l'existence de Dieu (1763)… (1967) 1 copy
Die Religion innerhalb der Grenzen der blossen Vernunft. Die Metaphysik der Sitten (Kants Werke) (German Edition) (1968) 1 copy
純粹理性批判 2. 1 copy
Yaşam Felsefesi 1 copy
純粋理性批判〈1〉 (1979年) (講談社学術文庫) 1 copy
Philosophie de l'histoire — Author — 1 copy
Textos Sobre Historia 1 copy
Immanuel Kant : Werke 1 copy
Történetfilozófiai írások 1 copy
Inceputul si sfarsitul 1 copy
Shuddh Buddhi Mimansa 1 copy
Toward Perpetual Peace 1 copy
Perpetual Peace: Complete with Introduction, Notes, Supplements, Appendices, and Index (2009) 1 copy
Immanuel Kant. Auswahl und Einleitung: Hans-Georg Gadamer (Fischer Bücherei - Bücher des Wissens, 336) (1960) 1 copy
Kant's gesammelte Schriften, hrsg. von der Königlich Preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften 1 copy
Werke 5: Die Religion ... /Metaphysik — Author — 1 copy
Kant: Os pensadores 1 copy
Works of Immanuel Kant: Including Critique of Pure Reason, Critique of Practical Reason, Groundwork of the Metaphysics… (2008) 1 copy
Critica della ragion pura 1 copy
Immanuel Kants Werke 1 copy
Metafísica dos Costumes - II 1 copy
I. Kant 1 copy
Kant - Volume I 1 copy
Kant - Volume II 1 copy
Kant [Opere di] 1 copy
Zgodovinsko politični spisi 1 copy
Dvije rasprave 1 copy
SELECTIONS 1 copy
Inaugural Dissertation 1 copy
Rechtslehre - Schriften Zur Rechtsphilosophie (Philosophiehistorische Texte) (German Edition) (1988) 1 copy
Brevier 1 copy
Metaphysics of Morals 1 copy
Os Pensadores: Kant 1 copy
Immanuel Kant's Critique Of Pure Reason V2: In Commemoration Of The Centenary Of Its First Publication (2007) 1 copy
Os Pensadores: Kant II 1 copy
Critiques 1 copy
Kant's Gesammelte Schriften. Band IV. Erste Abtheilun: Werke. - Primary Source Edition (German Edition) (2014) 1 copy
Sobre Dios y la religión 1 copy
Estética Transcendental 1 copy
KANT 1 copy
Kant (volume terzo) 1 copy
Selections. Edited and translated by J. Loewenberg. [Modern Student's Libr.]. Scribner's. 1929. 1 copy
Fragmanlar 1 copy
Das Nachgelassene Werk: Vom Uebergange Von Den Metaphysischen Anfangsgrunden Der Naturwissenschaft Zur Physik (Classic… (2017) 1 copy
Gesammelte Schriften / Akademieausgabe, Bd.28/2/2 (Abt.4, Vorlesungen, Bd.5, 2. Hälfte, Teilbd.2), Vorlesungen über… (1972) 1 copy
Gesammelte Schriften / Akademieausgabe, Bd.28/2/1 (Abt.4, Vorlesungen, Bd.5, 2. Hälfte, Teilbd.1), Vorlesungen über… (1970) 1 copy
Rozprawa filozoficzna o religii i moralności = Philosophische Abhandlung über Religion und Moral (2006) 1 copy
Mysli o vechnom 1 copy
O Conflito das Faculdades 1 copy
Kant, Immanuel: Gesammelte Schriften. Abt. IV: Vorlesungen. Bd 27 (IV/4): Vorlesungen A1/4ber Moralphilosophie. 1.… (1974) 1 copy
Associated Works
Philosophies of Art and Beauty: Selected Readings in Aesthetics from Plato to Heidegger (1976) — Contributor — 348 copies
Benjamin Franklin's Autobiography [Norton Critical Edition, 2nd ed.] (2012) — Contributor — 36 copies
Neoclassicism and Romanticism, 1750-1850, Vol. 1: Enlightenment/Revolution (1970) — Contributor — 22 copies
Reading Aesthetics and Philosophy of Art: Selected Texts with Interactive Commentary (Reading Philosophy) (2005) — Contributor — 8 copies
Tagged
Common Knowledge
- Canonical name
- Kant, Immanuel
- Other names
- KANT, Emanuel (birth)
KANT, Immanuel - Birthdate
- 1724-04-22
- Date of death
- 1804-02-12
- Burial location
- Kaliningrad Cemetery, Kaliningrad, Russia
- Gender
- male
- Nationality
- Prussia
Germany - Birthplace
- Königsberg, Prussia
- Place of death
- Königsberg, Prussia
- Places of residence
- Königsberg, Prussia
- Education
- Collegium Fredericianum
University of Königsberg - Occupations
- philosopher
tutor
lecturer
professor
scientist
ethicist (show all 7)
scholar - Organizations
- University of Königsberg
- Awards and honors
- After the expulsion of Königsberg's German population at the end of World War II, the University of Königsberg was replaced by the Russian-language Kaliningrad State University, which took up the campus and surviving buildings of the historic German university. In 2005, the university was renamed Immanuel Kant State University of Russia.
- Short biography
- Emanuel Kant was
the fourth of the nine children of Johann Georg Kant (1682-1746), a saddler from Memel (now Klaipėda, Lithuania) and his wife, Anna Regina Reuter (1697-1737), who was from Nuremburg. Kant began to spell his name "Immanuel" after learning Hebrew. His paternal grandfather, Hans Cant, had emigrated to Prussia from Scotland. Kant enrolled at Königsberg University in 1840 at the age of 16. Between 1750 and 1754 he worked as a tutor (Hauslehrer) in Judtschen (now Veselovka, Russia)and in Groß-Arnsdorf (now near Elbląg, Poland). Kant went on to become Professor of Logic and Metaphysics at Königsberg (now Kaliningrad, Russia) in 1770, at the age of 46. He never married.He was a towering figure of the Enlightenment, influenced nearly all modern philosophers. In his writings, including his masterpiece, the Critique of Pure Reason (1781), he argued that we can only truly know that which can be proven by evidence. He placed the active, rational human being at the center of the cognitive and moral worlds. He suggested that we have a moral obligation, which he called the "categorical Imperative," to behave in an intrinsically good way under all circumstances -- not necessarily in ways that would make us happy, but in ways that would make us worthy of being happy. In his 1795 work Perpetual Peace, he quoted the Latin phrase "Fiat justitia, pereat mundus" ("Let justice be done, though the world perish"). He also criticized those who focused too much on religious ritual and church hierarchy as attempts to please the Creator without having to practice the actual principles of religion and righteousness.
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Immanuel Kant's library in Legacy Libraries (September 2020)
Immanuel Kant in Philosophy and Theory (September 2017)
Kant's moral theory and a priori in Philosophy and Theory (November 2009)
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