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Imagined Communities: Reflections on the…
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Imagined Communities: Reflections on the Origin and Spread of Nationalism, New Edition (original 1983; edition 2006)

by Benedict Anderson

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3,424293,753 (4.04)19
The definitive, bestselling book on the origins of nationalism, and the processes that have shaped it. Imagined Communities, Benedict Anderson's brilliant book on nationalism, forged a new field of study when it first appeared in 1983. Since then it has sold over a quarter of a million copies and is widely considered the most important book on the subject. In this greatly anticipated revised edition, Anderson updates and elaborates on the core question: what makes people live and die for nations, as well as hate and kill in their name? Anderson examines the creation and global spread of the 'imagined communities' of nationality, and explores the processes that created these communities: the territorialization of religious faiths, the decline of antique kinship, the interaction between capitalism and print, the development of secular languages-of-state, and changing conceptions of time and space. He shows how an originary nationalism born in the Americas was adopted by popular movements in Europe, by imperialist powers, and by the movements of anti-imperialist resistance in Asia and Africa. In a new afterword, Anderson examines the extraordinary influence of Imagined Communities, and the book's international publication and reception, from the end of the Cold War era to the present day.… (more)
Member:lmesseri
Title:Imagined Communities: Reflections on the Origin and Spread of Nationalism, New Edition
Authors:Benedict Anderson
Info:Verso (2006), Edition: Revised, Paperback, 256 pages
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Tags:cultural geography, social theory

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Imagined Communities: Reflections on the Origin and Spread of Nationalism by Benedict Anderson (Author) (1983)

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Benedict Anderson was one of the leading historians of his generation. He was a Marxist, but not part of the international (Soviet Russian led) version of Marxist. He wasa revisionist, aligned perhapa with Adorno and the Frankfurt school, by mainlywith the New Left movement of the 1960s. Others wrote about development of the cultures of the working classes of the industrialised European states e.g. Ferdinand Braudel, E.P. Thompson, Eric Hobsbawm, Eugene Weber, Ernest Gellner
Imagined Communities, first published in 1983, has a Wikipedia entry. A modern retrospective review summarizes Anderson's historical arguments accurately and acknowleges the book as a classic. The reviewer, writing for The New Republic (in 2024 a "progressive" magazine complains that Anderson failed to support the values of 2024 progressives, and suggests Anderson should have challenged the colonial thinking of European and American academic historians more.
Anderson grappled with the role of the printing press in establishing national European languages. He discussed the consequences of social practices in Europe towards Europeans who emigrated to colonized lands, and towards the indigenous colonized peoples as factors that caused social and economic losses and contribued to the growth national ideas. His work concentrates on nationalism in the former Spanish colonies in the Americas, and Southeast Asia (mainly Indonesia), rejecting the Marxist fables that capital and class conflict explain everything, and that nationalism, language and culture are not important.
The book is informative on real facts and real events in the real world. ( )
  BraveKelso | Apr 12, 2024 |
In the spirit of anthropology, I propose to define a nation as an imagined political community—and, as imitated in nature, as a sovereign community at the same time.

In fact, nationalism thinks in terms of historical fatalism, while racism dreams of eternal pollution handed down from time in a never-ending series of disgusting matings—which happened in outside of history.
The roots of the racist dream lie in fact in the ideology of classes, not of nations: especially the rulers' claim to divine mandate and "blue" or "white" blood, and the aristocracy's claim to "education" claims. No wonder that the supposed ancestor of modern racism was not some petty-bourgeois nationalist but Joseph Arthur, Comte de Gobineau. Overall, racism and anti-Semitism do not cross ethnic lines, but emerge within them. In other words, what they want to justify is not so much external wars as internal oppression and domination.
Quoted from Chapter 8: Patriotism and Racism

A nation is an imagined political community.
There are two important historical conditions for this kind of imagination to be possible:
One is the decline of religious communities, dynasties, and oracle-style concepts of time, leading people to imagine nations as a "secular, horizontal, and horizontal" community, and a new concept of time—"homogeneous, empty, The "view of time. Moreover, the emergence of newspapers and novels also provided technical means for the promotion of the concept of nation, that is to say, the concept of nation was first imagined through words.
The second is the need for "the coincidence of capitalism, printing technology, and the diversity of human language destiny." Latin, as the language used by religion, gradually declined with the decline of religious status, followed by the rise of dialect printing language, and printing dialect became popular with the writing carrier, which led to the formation of special groups of people using the same dialect. Cognitive community, this is the prototype of "nation".
Arguments from imagined communities

The coincidence of capitalism, printing technology, and the multiplicity of human language fate makes a new form of imagined community possible, and from its basic form, this new community is actually a precursor to the appearance of the modern nation. The stage is set.

The very concept of a newspaper implicitly implies that even "world events" are refracted into the particular imagination of a dialect readership; How important is the concept of simultaneity to an imagined community
  Maristot | Jun 4, 2023 |

Anderson műve a nacionalizmuskutatás egyik alapszövege, igazi kultszakkönyv. Pedig hát ránézel, és milyen kis csoffadt (nevetséges 170 oldal!) – egy parázs vitában nem is lehetne vele agyoncsapni eszmei ellenfeleinket (ellentétben mondjuk a Bibliával, különös tekintettel a 13 kilós illusztrált-magyarázatos kiadásokra). És mégis: megérdemelten az. Anderson egyfelől áttekinti a nacionalizmus „gondolatának”* kialakulását, és ezen felül külön figyelmet fordít a kérdésre, hogy ugyan mi a fittyfenéért voltak hajlandóak emberek milliói a nacionalizmus hívó szavára odadobni életüket. (Hogy másokét odadobták, az még hagyján, az világos. De hogy a magukét?) Hisz végtére is a nemzet (ahogy Anderson definiálja**) pusztán egy elképzelt közösség – de miképp konkretizálódhat annyira egy mentális projekció, hogy ilyen erős kötődéseket váltson ki? Mindezt a puszta történelmi esszé keretein belül nehezen lehetne megválaszolni, de sebaj, mert e mű igazi tőrőlmetszett interdiszciplináris munka, ami segítségül hív számos egyéb tudományterületet is önmaga alátámasztására – többek között az irodalomtudományt is.

Anderson állításának kiindulópontja az, hogy az egyetemes vallások és a birodalmi gondolat lassú amortizálódása teremtette meg az űrt, ahol a nacionalizmus helyet talált magának. Élénken taglalja a középkori és a modern ember időfelfogásának különbségét, e különbség okait, a „hivatali nacionalizmus” kialakulását, a térkép, mint embléma jelentőségét abban, hogy a nemzet képe vizuálisan rögzülni tudott***, és még sok minden mást. Ugyanakkor tagadja, hogy a nacionalizmus az egyetemes vallásokból**** és a birodalmi gondolatból fejlődött volna ki (bár kétségtelenül egyes elemeiket magába építette), amit talán az is alátámaszt, hogy a hagyományos elképzelésekkel szemben nem Európában, hanem a birodalmak perifériáján, Amerikában jelent meg először.

E könyv tobzódik a (számomra) teljesen újszerű megközelítésekben, amiket gyakran metaforikus példákkal illusztrál***** – pont ez okozza az értékelés nehézségeit is, amit az egyre szaporodó lábjegyzetek is jeleznek. Ez ugyanis egy nyitott mű – nyitott abban az értelemben, hogy nem befejezett, lekerekített gondolatokkal dolgozik, hanem csupa olyasmivel, amit az olvasónak kézbe kell vennie, meg kell forgatnia, és (ha van rá kapacitása) tovább kell építenie. Aminek köszönhetően ha nem vigyáz az ember (és én talán nem vigyáztam eléggé), a puszta recenzió helyett könnyen beleragad valamelyik lenyűgöző levezetésbe, és ott marad, az értékelés pedig ezáltal a végtelenbe nyúlik. Ezt elkerülendő én sietve zárom is soraimat.

* Az idézőjel jelentőséggel bír – Anderson ugyanis leszögezi, hogy a nacionalizmus már csak azért sem tekinthető politikai irányzatnak, pláne filozófiának, mert eszmei tartalma meglehetősen sekélyes. Tele van feloldhatatlan belső ellentmondásokkal – nem véletlen, hogy ellentétben a konzervativizmussal, a szocializmussal vagy a liberalizmussal, egyetlen értékelhető gondolkodót sem tudott kitermelni. Ilyen értelemben a nacionalizmus inkább az olyasfajta hitekkel rokonítható, mint például a birodalmi dinasztiák azon meggyőződése, hogy őket Isten rendelte posztjukra.
** "Az antropológia szellemében tehát a nemzet következő meghatározását javaslom: elképzelt politikai közösség, melynek határait és szuverenitását egyaránt veleszületettnek képzelik el.
Elképzelt, mivel még a legkisebb nemzet tagjai sem ismerhetik meg a nemzet más tagjainak többségét, nem találkoznak velük, még csak nem is hallanak róluk, elméjükben mégis létezik annak képe, hogy egyazon közösséghez tartoznak. Renan erre az elképzelésre utal, amikor a maga bájosan kétszínű módján így fogalmaz: (…) ["A nemzet lényege pedig az, hogy minden egyénnek legyen számos közös dolga, valamint az, hogy jól el is felejtsék a dolgokat."]"
*** Érdemes elgondolkodni azon, milyen erős ragaszkodás alakul ki egy Nagymagyarország-matrica iránt akár olyanokban is, akik még a megyéjükből se tették ki a lábukat.
**** Közbevetőleges megjegyzés. Én eddig úgy voltam vele, hogy a kereszténység és a nacionalizmus (szerintem) meglehetősen kártékony összefonódását a kereszténység mutációjának tekintettem, amit a Biblia felől elég nehezen lehet megokolni. Most viszont épp ellenkezően látom: ezt a kapcsolatot ugyanis könnyebb a nacionalizmus felől értelmezni, amely nacionalizmus a kereszténységben találja meg magának azt az amúgy hiányzó legitimációt, amit annak több ezer éves múltja biztosít.
***** Egyik legkedvesebb levezetésem az ún. „nyomtatás-kapitalizmushoz” kapcsolódik: Anderson itt bemutatja, hogy a könyv, mint piaci termék úgy segítette elő a nacionalizmus kialakulását, hogy a gombamód szaporodó nyomdák kiadványai előbb betelítették a (vékony) latin nyelvű piacot, így aztán a kereskedők kénytelenek voltak új piaci szegmenseket keresni, amit a nemzeti nyelvek között találtak meg. Amivel egy füst alatt csökkentették a latin, mint egyetemes nyelv monopóliumát, és segítettek megerősíteni a nemzeti nyelvek státuszát is. ( )
  Kuszma | Jul 2, 2022 |
I didn't anticipate the book to be so 'academic'. Took me back to university days (why, I even read the footnotes). As with any college assigned reading, it introduced important ideas and concepts - and pointed to further reading. Anderson presents the many means and ways by which nationalisms are 'imagined' (not imaginary). Interesting but it didn't grab me the way a good popular narrative history or historical novel does. So, my rating indicates its relative reading pleasure for me - but make no mistake, this is an important book, especially for our Putin/Ukraine war time. ( )
  heggiep | Apr 3, 2022 |
واحدة من أكثر الدراسات تأثيراً حول أصول القومية. يطرح بنديكت أندرسون سؤالاً أثار حفيظة المؤرخين لفترة طويلة: لماذا أصبحت الأمم مصدراً قوياً للهوية في العالم الحديث؟ بينما يحاول الكتاب الإجابة على هذا اللغز، يتعمق في تاريخ الرأسمالية، الطباعة، الأنظمة الدينية، والقومية.
إن الأمم من وجهة نظر قومية هي مجتمعات ذات حدود يتشارك أبناؤها الاهتمامات والسمات، وقبل كل شيء، اللغة. ومع ذلك، فالانتماء القومي ليس أيديولوجية سياسية، بل نظام ثقافي شبيه بالمعتقد الديني، ويقدم شعوراً بالاستمرارية في هذا العالم العشوائي. بدأت القومية كنتيجة ثانوية لـ ”رأسمالية الطباعة“. فعندما سعى بائعوا الكتب إلى أسواقٍ جديدة تخلوا عن اللغات "المقدسة" كاللاتينية وبدأوا النشر باللغات المحكية الأخرى كالألمانية. سمح ذلك لجماعات القرّاء بتخيل مجتمعات في مناطق أخرى تشاركهم الاهتمامات. أدى توحيد اللغات المحلية وانتشار الصحف إلى ترسيخ هذا الشعور بالوطنية الجماعية وتقويض الامبراطوريات والمطالبة بالاستقلال.
قد يوازي كتاب واحد بمحتواه عشرات الكتب، وهذا كذلك. أمتنعني جداً وزادني علماً ودراية ( )
  TonyDib | Jan 28, 2022 |
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» Add other authors (18 possible)

Author nameRoleType of authorWork?Status
Anderson, BenedictAuthorprimary authorall editionsconfirmed
Burkardt, BenediktTranslatorsecondary authorsome editionsconfirmed
Kuortti, JoelTranslatorsecondary authorsome editionsconfirmed
Münz, ChristophTranslatorsecondary authorsome editionsconfirmed
Mergel, ThomasAfterwordsecondary authorsome editionsconfirmed
Torhell, Sven-ErikTranslatorsecondary authorsome editionsconfirmed
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The definitive, bestselling book on the origins of nationalism, and the processes that have shaped it. Imagined Communities, Benedict Anderson's brilliant book on nationalism, forged a new field of study when it first appeared in 1983. Since then it has sold over a quarter of a million copies and is widely considered the most important book on the subject. In this greatly anticipated revised edition, Anderson updates and elaborates on the core question: what makes people live and die for nations, as well as hate and kill in their name? Anderson examines the creation and global spread of the 'imagined communities' of nationality, and explores the processes that created these communities: the territorialization of religious faiths, the decline of antique kinship, the interaction between capitalism and print, the development of secular languages-of-state, and changing conceptions of time and space. He shows how an originary nationalism born in the Americas was adopted by popular movements in Europe, by imperialist powers, and by the movements of anti-imperialist resistance in Asia and Africa. In a new afterword, Anderson examines the extraordinary influence of Imagined Communities, and the book's international publication and reception, from the end of the Cold War era to the present day.

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The full magnitude of Benedict Anderson’s intellectual achievement is still being appreciated and debated. Imagined Communities remains the most influential book on the origins of nationalism, filling the vacuum that previously existed in the traditions of Western thought. Cited more often than any other single English-language work in the human sciences, it is read around the world in more than thirty translations.Written with exemplary clarity, this illuminating study traces the emergence of community as an idea to South America, rather than to nineteenth-century Europe. Later, this sense of belonging was formed and reformulated at every level, from high politics to popular culture, through print, literature, maps and museums. Following the rise and conflict of nations and the decline of empires, Anderson draws on examples from South East Asia, Latin America and Europe’s recent past to show how nationalism shaped the modern world. (Publisher: Verso Books)
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