This is an excellent book about how the missionary establishment in the United States grappled with problems of modernity. Hutchinson traces the work of missionaries from the 17th century to the middle of the 20th. His main argument is that although missionaries took their cultural assumptions with them, by the mid-nineteenth century and especially in the twentieth, some were beginning to wonder about whether American culture was actually superior.

The debate reflected the developing divide in the United States between modernists and fundamentalists. Hutchinson prefers to look at the debate in the United States itself, but does include some missionary writings. Fundamentalists believed that proselytization was the most important goal of missions to bring their converts closer to God and salvation. Liberals believed that they should implement Christian teaching and try to raise up their fellow man's standard of living. Liberals also assumed a position of relativism, where local beliefs should be valued instead of discarded. The debate raged back and forth until after World War II. At that point, growing nationalism meant that many missionaries were unwelcome in foreign lands. Liberals often left, not wanting to try to impose their values, while evangelicals stayed and increased their numbers. The effect was the fundamentalization of missions.

This is book does a great job of explaining the splintering of missionary ideology and how they dealt with modernity. It is also an excellent book for how the United States tried to deal with the world. Hutchinson did not make grand claims for missionaries representing all of America, but he does show that they represented a crusading aspect of American exceptionalism. Their crisis of conscience reflected a larger crisis in American society. ( )