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Lenin: A Biography by Robert Service
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Lenin: A Biography (original 2000; edition 2002)

by Robert Service

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579740,997 (3.96)2
"Lenin's politics continue to reverberate around the world even after the end of the USSR. His name elicits revulsion and reverence, yet Lenin the man remains largely a mystery. This biography shows us Lenin as we have never seen him, in his full complexity as revolutionary, political leader, thinker, and private person. Born Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov in 1870, the son of a schools inspector and a doctor's daughter, Lenin was to become the greatest single force in the Soviet revolution--and perhaps the most influential politician of the twentieth century. Drawing on sources only recently discovered, Robert Service explores the social, cultural, and political catalysts for Lenin's explosion into global prominence. His book gives us the vast panorama of Russia in that awesome vortex of change from tsarism's collapse to the establishment of the communist one-party state. Through the prism of Lenin's career, Service focuses on dictatorship, the Marxist revolutionary dream, civil war, and interwar European politics. And we are shown how Lenin, despite the hardships he inflicted, was widely mourned upon his death in 1924"--Publisher's description.… (more)
Member:guernicus
Title:Lenin: A Biography
Authors:Robert Service
Info:Belknap Press (2002), Edition: New Ed, Paperback
Collections:Your library
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Tags:Biography, Russia

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Lenin: A Biography by Robert Service (2000)

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I am genuinely struggling to think of another book that has divided my opinion as to its worthiness so thoroughly, or so often.

When I started reading the book, I was concerned that the quoted praise from the press included the Telegraph (a right wing UK newspaper) but not the likes of the Guardian. As I began to read, I was delighted that this was, obviously, going to be a well researched book containing more facts about Lenin than anything else that I had found. By the time I was getting towards the middle of the book, I was beginning to see the right wing liking for it: too often for my liking, Mr Service was telling me how Lenin felt about this or that... HOW COULD HE KNOW??? One can write that a person reported feeling X or Y; one may say that someone else suggested that a person felt such an emotion but, only the subject really knows their feelings and Lenin was not the sort of man to believe that his feelings were important - far less, would he report them.

I may have stopped reading but, as I previously said, if there is a better source of the facts surrounding Lenin, I have yet to find it. Fortunately, I continued and Robert Service pulled the text around and we returned to fact, with any supposition clearly enunciated as that of the author.

I won't pretend to have a full understanding of Lenin. By the remarks of Mr Service in the concluding section of the work, he has not so done either but, I am much nearer to comprehending the father of Marxism-Leninism and, he is not the cardboard cut out figure of either messianic adoration or satanic loathing that is so often the result of these books.

Well worth reading.

Thank you. ( )
1 vote the.ken.petersen | Jul 31, 2022 |
Az alcím világosan fogalmaz: ez egy életrajz. Csak annyit közöl Lenin ideológiai építményéből, ami az életút megértéséhez feltétlenül szükséges, inkább a befutott pályával, mint annak filozófiai hordalékával foglalkozik. Csak említés szintjén jelennek meg benne olyan dolgok, amelyeket én talán fontosabbnak gondolnék (elsősorban az orosz polgárháború), de mivel a főhős életéhez nem szorosan kapcsolódnak, félhomályban maradnak. Ugyanakkor ad valamit, amire csak titkon számítottam, amiben csak csendben reménykedtem: megélhetően felvázolja azt a szellemi forrongást, ami a Romanovok utolsó évtizedeit jellemezte. Ebben az időszakban ugyanis a szinte agyalágyulásig merev cárizmus mint fedő kísérelte meg a lábosban tartani a számos nyugatról beszivárgott gondolatot – köztük a marxizmus eszméjét. De ezek a gondolatok annyira izgalmasak voltak, és olyan evidens gyógyírt kínáltak az orosz valóság véres sebeire, hogy teljesen érthetően ragadták meg minden valamirevaló értelmiségi fantáziáját – akik aztán a maguk módján értelmezve a tanokat, a terroristától a mérsékelt demokratáig szóródtak szét a spektrumon. (Izgalmas lehetett akkoriban az orosz illegalitás.) És messze nem a radikális Lenin és a bolsevikok voltak e szekták közül a legszámottevőbbek – ami azt illeti, ha nem jön közbe a háború, meglehet, a kommunista panteon csillagai egy békés, eseménytelen öregkor végén hunytak volna el ágyban, párnák közt az emigrációban (esetleg Szibériában), helyettük pedig talán valami puhább reformmozgalom alakította volna át Oroszországot lassan, fokozatosan. (Vagy nem.)

De a háború kitört, és hozta magával a kis tatyójában azt, amit szokott: a néptömegek radikalizálódását, meg a társadalmi rend felbomlását, amit aztán a Romanovok nem is éltek túl. És ez volt az a történelmi pillanat, amiben Lenin megtalálta a maga küldetését. Némi német segédlettel egyszer csak ott termett Péterváron, kihasználta a tömeges elégedetlenséget, és megalkotta azt a Szovjetuniót, ami aztán jó 70 évig mumusa lett a világ összes demokráciájának. De ha ez így leírva egyszerűnek is tűnik, valójában minden esetleges és kaotikus volt, amit Service szintén remekül ábrázol: az átalakulás káoszában ugyanis gyakran csak hajszálon múlt, hogy Lenin nem tűnik el a süllyesztőben*, és helyette nem valaki más (jobb? rosszabb? ugyanolyan?) ragadja meg a kormánykereket.

De hát miért pont Lenin? Mit tudott ez a kopasz csávó a fura sapkájával, amit más nem tudott? Az biztos, hogy óriási hibákat vétett, és finoman szólva sem volt tévedhetetlen – sem a világháborút, sem a polgárháborút nem látta előre. Az is valószínű, hogy ha nem segítették volna időnként ellenfelei**, el sem jutott volna a hatalom megragadásának lehetőségéig. Beteges volt. Ronda egy vitapartner, és a ronda vitapartnerek közül is a legrosszabb fajta: az, aki addig képes vitatkozni veled, amíg kínodban már inkább egyetértesz vele. Igaz, sokat olvasott, de megdöbbentően szelektíven értelmezte olvasmányait, valahogy mindig azt találta meg a szövegekben, ami őt támasztotta alá. Súlyozni sem tudta a problémákat – a polgárháború csúcspontján például, amikor Trockij a Vörös Hadsereggel bíbelődött, ő azzal foglalta el magát, hogy vitairatot szerkesszen a német szocialista, Kautsky ellen. De mégis, csak tudott valamit. Munkabírása egyszerűen páratlan volt: csak a politika foglalkoztatta, és hát baromi nehéz ám olyasvalakivel harcolni ezen a páston, aki a politikával kel és fekszik, másra gondolni sem tud. Vérbeli pragmatikusként arra is képes volt, hogy bármikor felfüggessze az erkölcsöt és az elveket, ha ettől sikert remélhetett***, és nyoma sem volt benne a részvétnek, ami szintén nem árt, ha valaki a hatalom csúcsán akar berendezkedni. Ez utóbbi talán nem független attól, hogy azok közé az értelmiségiek közé tartozott, akik egyszerűen semmiféle ismerettel nem rendelkeztek azzal a néppel kapcsolatban, amiért elméletileg küzdeni akartak – számukra az olyan szavak, mint „paraszt”, „munkás”, „polgár” csak absztrakciók voltak, amelyeknek ugyan van értelme, ha matematikai egyenletbe helyezzük őket, de ha arcot rendelnénk hozzájuk, az csak összezavarná a kristálytiszta logikát. Mert így működik a diktátorok algebrája: ha egy paraszti közösség áll 90% szegényparasztból és 10% kulákból, akkor elég kivonni a 10% kulákot, és kapunk 100% vegytiszta hasznos parasztot. Csak hát az emberek nem olyan egzakt elemek, mint a nátrium vagy a stroncium, úgyhogy a valóságban ez az algebra nem működik – de ez a diktátort nem akadályozza meg abban, hogy addig-addig ismételgesse a fenti matematikai műveletet, amíg senki sem marad. Vagy amíg el nem viszi az ördög.

* Megesett például, hogy egyetlen moszkvai kocsikázás alkalmával Leninre kétszer is rálőttek, egyszer pedig fegyveres suhancok tartóztatták fel, akik nem hitték el neki, hogy ő a Szovjetunió első embere, és a legközelebbi rendőrőrsre szállították. És mindez egy diktátorral esett meg. El lehet képzelni, mennyire lehetett biztonságban egy átlagos mezei állampolgár.
** És nem csak a németek, akik aktívan segítettek neki abban, hogy Pétervárra jusson, és valószínűleg komoly összegekkel is támogatták a bolsevik célokat. A háború előtt Lenin – bár nem tudott róla – sokat köszönhetett a cári titkosrendőröknek is, akik a háttérben megtisztították neki a terepet, bebörtönözték riválisait, míg közvetlen munkatársait békén hagyták, mert benne látták azt a figurát, aki szét fogja zülleszteni a szocialista mozgalmat. Kicsit túlkombinálták az urak a konspirációt, azt hiszem.
*** Se szeri, se száma azoknak a helyzeteknek, amikor Lenin egyszerűen figyelmen kívül hagyta saját elveit egy nagyobb cél érdekében, de a legkülönösebb talán az volt, amikor a német kommunistákat arra utasította, hogy szövetkezzenek a szélsőjobboldali Freikorps egységeivel a német kormány megdöntése érdekében. ( )
  Kuszma | Jul 2, 2022 |
As with Service's biography of Stalin, this biography of Lenin is well-researched and reads very well, covering in detail his youth, rise to power, rule, death and legacy in Russian society today. Very interesting as with Service's other political biographies. ( )
1 vote xuebi | May 30, 2014 |
Dense and meandering biography on Lenin, who remains an impenetrable figure. Good focus on his early life, but it starts to lose focus after an endless recounting of meetings and conferences and denunciations. ( )
1 vote HadriantheBlind | Mar 30, 2013 |
What to say about this quite extraordinary man whose actions had such profound effects on the history of the 20th century? As Service says at the end of this excellent biography: “To a considerable extent the history of inter-war Europe was a struggle over the consequences of 25 October 1917. The situation did not disappear after the Second World War.” And the success of the Russian revolution that led to the creation of the USSR was very much the success of Valdimir Ilich Ulyanov. Without his single-minded focus and energy and drive and instincts and capacities, the seizure of power would not have occurred, nor would the Bolsheviks have held onto power in the turmoil post-revolution stretching into the civil war and beyond.

One of the strengths of this biography is that Service draws upon previously secret personal memoirs and reports of Party and government discussions and decisions to produce a more complete picture of Lenin, not just as the revolutionary leader, but as a man, as a person. Service describes Lenin as, “…this short, intolerant, bookish, neat, valetudinarian, intelligent, confident politician…The brilliant student who became a gawky Marxist activist and factional leader made the most of what History pushed his way.”

On the human side, Service describes well the influences of Lenin’s family and its history, and his not well-documented but undoubted affair with Inessa Armand and the impact of that on his marriage with Nadezhda Krupskaya, a marriage that grew into support and caring but was at the beginning, and always, sacrificed to the demands of Lenin’s political life and travels. It is surprising to be reminded how much Lenin travelled and lived outside of Russia before the Revolution during what Service calls the “carousel of European emigration”, 1900-1917. Lenin was very familiar with London, Geneva, Munich, Paris, Zurich, Bern. He came from a family of minor-nobility and although he qualified as a lawyer, his only work was his total and all consuming dedication to politics and revolution in Russia. He was supported by his mother, by income from writing and translating, by sympathizers, and later, by the Party as it evolved.

A noticeable feature of Lenin’s life was the continuous factionalism that characterized his political life from the very beginning, and how this was almost always a result of his own intransigence and intolerance of any difference from his interpretations of Marxism and the best ways forward in Russia. His life was littered with people whom he once revered (Plekhanov) or with whom he worked closely (Martov), but if any failed to embrace unquestionably Lenin’s sense of direction or actions required or his interpretations of theory and historical developments, they were not just ostracized but vilified. And it wasn’t always easy to keep up with Lenin because, despite the theoretical framework of (his) Marxism, his single focus was on seizing power and in he would often shift positions (with no inconsistencies in his mind) if it served to further that objective. This of course also played out in the internecine struggles amongst socialists of all stripes individually and through numerous congresses and conferences, decades prior to, and after, the October revolution on how best to move to ‘socialism’ in Russia and more broadly in Europe. Even after the Revolution it is striking how much Lenin had to deal with factions to get support for his views and tactics; it was not until the final consolidation under Stalin that control of any and all utterances and actions was total.

Over the years, some have argued that had Lenin lived longer, the Soviet regime would not have evolved into the despotism and terror that it did under Stalin. Service shows, with many references, that this is simply not true. From a very early stage, Lenin argued for mass terror and once in power he was ruthless, dogmatic, unforgiving, and cruel in his unrelenting demands for it; utterances and writings that were kept secret for decades in the USSR. During the civil war, Lenin called for public hangings with, as Service describes it, “a vicious relish…He reverted the practices of twentieth-century European war to the Middle Ages. No moral threshold was sacred.” Nor was his animus directed only at the “expected” enemies of the Revolution; he had no patience with a summertime feast day of St.Nicholas and demanded, “We must get all the Chekas up on their feet and shoot people who don’t turn up for work because of the ‘Nicola’ festival.” This was not just inflammatory rhetoric. For Lenin, terror was integral to state policy. During the civil war Lenin demanded that, “The speed and force of the repressions” should be intensified. He stated, “The greater the number of the representatives of reactionary clergy and reactionary bourgeoisie we succeed in shooting on this premise [i.e. show trials], the better. It is precisely now that we ought to deliver a lesson to this public so that they won’t dare even think about resistance for several decades.” Stalin didn’t invent anything in terms of terror and repression, he simply expanded and deepened its application to the point of executing several of Lenin’s oldest Bolshevik comrades.

Lenin liked children and often played well and boisterously with some in his extended family. But on the political side, there was nothing soft, nothing forgiving, nothing empathetic about him, and he was a man with a long memory who held grudges.

Historical circumstances provided the opportunity for the October Revolution, but it was by no means a foregone conclusion in either its immediate success or in the more prolonged struggle to consolidate power through the aftermath of WWI, the civil war, foreign intervention, famine, industrial turmoil, economic devastation, peasant and worker unrest, and political opposition within and outside the Party. Lenin’s iron will was the driving force that held the success of the Revolution together through all these trials. In so doing, he founded a despotism that helped to define international and national politics throughout the 20th century and around the world.
1 vote John | Jan 7, 2013 |
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Mi piacerebbe levarmi dalla tomba fra un centinaio di anni e dare un'occhiata a come vivrà la gente allora. (Alexandr Blak, nonno di Lenin)
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Alla mia famiglia
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Il 10 aprile 1870 il Volga, il fiume più grande d'Europa e l'elemento naturale dominante della cittadina di provincia di Simbirsk, nella Russia sudorientale, dava i primi segnali dell'arrivo della primavera.
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"Lenin's politics continue to reverberate around the world even after the end of the USSR. His name elicits revulsion and reverence, yet Lenin the man remains largely a mystery. This biography shows us Lenin as we have never seen him, in his full complexity as revolutionary, political leader, thinker, and private person. Born Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov in 1870, the son of a schools inspector and a doctor's daughter, Lenin was to become the greatest single force in the Soviet revolution--and perhaps the most influential politician of the twentieth century. Drawing on sources only recently discovered, Robert Service explores the social, cultural, and political catalysts for Lenin's explosion into global prominence. His book gives us the vast panorama of Russia in that awesome vortex of change from tsarism's collapse to the establishment of the communist one-party state. Through the prism of Lenin's career, Service focuses on dictatorship, the Marxist revolutionary dream, civil war, and interwar European politics. And we are shown how Lenin, despite the hardships he inflicted, was widely mourned upon his death in 1924"--Publisher's description.

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