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During recent years, there has been a revival of interest in the early laws of Scandinavia. In this volume several aspects of this field are presented and discussed. The collection begins by exploring the introduction and development of the nAefnd in medieval Denmark, a kind of 'jury' which replaced the ordeal. The focus then moves to Sweden and Norway, with an analysis of the Halsingelagen, and a comparison of the kristindomsbalkr ('Ecclesiastical Law Section') of the town law of Trondheim (Nidaross Bjarkeyjarrettr) with the provincial law of medieval Trondelag, Frostubingslog. A further article explores how violence and homicide involving laymen and clerics was handled in late medieval Norway, drawing on the recent discovery of register protocols of the Penitentiary at the Papal Curia. The documentary aspects of law are examined through an analysis of the Aldre and Yngre Vastgotalagen from existing manuscripts, in an attempt to discover the source of the initiative to write the laws down. A further study explores several words for 'outlawry' in Old Scandinavian languages. This volume also provides a general theory of legal culture to show how the introduction of three new elements into Norwegian legal culture (norm-producing, large-scale lawmaking; conflict-resolving juries; equity as idea of justice) led to a major change in legal culture in medieval Norway. Finally, the book looks at the development of penal law in Denmark in the Middle Ages, attempting to explain that development in the light of both domestic conditions and foreign influence, especially from Sweden and Germany.