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In July 1919, an explosive race riot forever changed Chicago. Black migrants' arrival in Chicago drew the ire and scorn of many local whites, including members of the city's political leadership and police department. During Chicago's Red Summer riot, patterns of extraordinary brutality, negligence, and discriminatory policing emerged to shocking effect. In this history of Chicago from 1919 to the rise and fall of Black Power in the 1960s and 1970s, Simon Balto narrates the evolution of racially repressive policing in black neighborhoods as well as how black citizen-activists challenged that repression. Balto demonstrates that punitive practices by and inadequate protection from the police were central to black Chicagoans' lives long before the late-century 'wars' on crime and drugs.