'Although you probably think of yourself as having a consistent personality across time and space, that is likely not to be true.' Zimbardo, The Lucifer Effect

This was a very interesting book about a darker side of our personality lurking in each one of us. Even though I was initially skeptical as to the validity of Zimbardo’s Stanford experiment, I came to accept its main conclusions. Zimbardo provides enough evidence throughout the book from a plethora of studies and incidents to support his thesis that basically good and decent people can turn into sadistic monsters if the circumstances are conducive to, or demanding of, such behavior.

Among many examples of studies, experiments, and real events, Zimbardo concentrates on the two in the book to prove his thesis. One of them is his own Stanford Prison Experiment from the 1970’s, in which a group of college students role played prisoners and prison guards in a makeshift, simulated prison in the university basement. Under the pressure to perform, the guards became cruel and oppressive to the point when some of the ‘prisoners’ suffered nervous breakdowns and the experiment had to be terminated just after a few days. Some of the decent and educated young men role playing prison guards turned into sadistic monsters under the circumstances, and the prisoners into hapless victims. There was no previous history of abnormal behavior in any of the subjects, and they proved to be normal and decent people in their futher lives as well. The other example Zimabardo elaborates on extensively is the horrific 2004 abuse in the Iraqi Abu Ghraib prison. There, a group of otherwise normal young men and women inflicted torture and horrific abuse on the fellow human beings with complete emotional disengagement. Citing a number of other studies and incidences, Zimbardo argues that these and other abuses were in a big part induced by the same circumstances and pressures.

He calls these circumstances broadly as ‘environmetal factors’. They include institutionalized and ideological endorsement of cruelty, socialized obedience to authority, dehumanization, emotional prejudices, situational stressors, and gradual escalation of abuse. He stresses that the lack of supervision and deindividuation of both the perpetrator and the victim work as key factors in applying cruelty, and are most commonly achieved by face painting, wearing dark reflecting eye glasses or masks, or putting paper bags over the victims’ heads. People who perpetrate evil acts against other people don’t display hidden sadistic tendencies, but rather want to control and dominate others of whom they do not think as of equals.

Surprisingly, under those pressures most of decent, law-abiding ‘good’ people, turn evil, and that includes by far the biggest portion of the group, which even though not actively oppressive, passively or almost passively, condones the cruelty around them. According to Zimbardo’s and other studies, only a small percentage of the group involved in such circumstances is strong enough to oppose the draw to belong and groupthink.

By the same token, he believes that many people are capable of altruistic and even heroic behavior if the circumstances are conducive to it.

Finally, he makes a case against the highest levels of institutionalized evil in the US, namely the Bush administration, whom he makes responsible for the war tortures and abuses, including the torture in Abu Ghraib by spreading the ideology of evil, suspending civil rights and condoning torture.

There were two issues I had initially a problem with- it was difficult to believe that the role playing college students could get so carried away as to endure real stresses and abuses- both inflicted and suffered, but it seems that they did. The other one was to believe the proportion of the ‘wrong doers’ to be so high (on average about 80%), but again it seems that it is more or less consistently so. ( )

This is the book everyone who has ever studied even first year psychology or sociology has been waiting for since the sixties. The Stamford Prison experiment needs no real explanation from me and those who don't know about it could do a lot worse than read this book by the man who conceived and carried it out. Although the main part of the book relates the experiment itself, there is also some interesting speculation about episodes in Rwanda, the Balkans and WW2 Germany as the author investigates just what it is about being in a position of power that can make basically decent human beings act atrociously. This isn't the most entertaining book I've ever read but it is an important one with vital lessons for all of us. ( )

The first part of this book is fascinating. When he gets into the second part and starts quoting all of the official documents, it gets reeeeeeeal boring. I never hear of him before I read this book. Now, every time I turn around I'm hearing the Stanford Prison Experiment referred to.

The description of the Stanford Prison Experiment (first half of the book) was difficult to read- not because it was poorly written, but because it was emotionally hard to swallow. I talked to the characters like I was yelling at a football game, trying to get them to stop what they were doing.

I have such respect for the author’s honesty regarding the responsibility he bore for the experiment, especially a description of how he manipulated the mother of one of the prisoners as she expressed her reservations, and how easy it was for him to slip into doing so.

My world was a little shaken as I read real-life descriptions of dehumanizing cruelty, and the culpability of those who don’t participate but commit the sin of inaction. It’s not enough to be the “good guy” by being a little nicer. One must act against brutality. I appreciate having my eyes opened, and this book gave me a passionate hunger to lay the foundation of a solid character now, to grow in fearlessness and integrity in preparation for ever meeting such situational evil face to face. Zimbardo helped me understand that under the “right” circumstances I could find that face in my mirror. That is a gift of wisdom beyond measure.

The photographs and descriptions of everything from ethnic cleansing in Bosnia to the abuses at Abu Ghraib were a bit hard to see and read; this book is not for the faint of heart. I highly recommend it for the lessons it teaches.

I couldn't put it down and read it in 2 days- even when I did put it aside to take a cleansing breath a few times, I found myself picking it up again a few minutes later, unable to stop thinking about it.

I gave up half way through the seemingly endless description of the prison experiment. Shame as the book started well.