Everything that anyone anywhere did to save the Soviet Jews, 1920-2007. Two basic competing philosophies put groups of agencies working against each other despite working for the same goal - emigration. (1) work quietly, don't make waves, don't upset the Soviets (undeniably more practical during Stalin's rule); (2) protest loudly and often and everywhere (demonstrably effective after Stalin). Also, the one-to-one connection of rescuers and rescued helped keep interest high and more rewarding. The most intriguing aspect of the Soviets refusal to allow immigration: they justified it as preventing a "brain drain", and then fired the high-level scientists and doctors so that they couldn't practice, so they were of no benefit to the USSR anyway! Textbook for groups seeking to aid "refuseniks" in other countries, so long as the target government has some desire for Western aid or approval. Other lessons: organization is essential; the refuseniks formed their own community networks to help themselves; publicity is essential; money is essential; many people devoted their lives to helping others, based on emotional zealotry aroused by knowledge; the Soviets increased the degree to which secular Jews reclaimed their heritage, who would never have done so if not persecuted. Exemplifies the starfish principle: if you can't save everyone, save as many as you can. The degree of government intervention from the Europeans would probably be impossible today because of the increase in Muslim populations. The same type of world-wide-organization and sense of mission is missing from other rescue operations. The tactics do not disintegrate into hysteria or violence, although they exemplify civil disobedience and effective protests. ( )