Ernest Thompson Seton (1860–1946)

Tanto por el título como por su contenido el libro de Seton aparenta ser un estudio antropológico del indio norteamericano: costumbres, religión, organización social, normas, ritos,… Como tal estudio es harto mediocre. Unifica las distintas tribus indias sin atender a la gran diversidad cultural que presentan, su estructura social -no es lo mismo un poblado lakota que una ciudad azteca-, o su distinto desarrollo tecnológico -entre las herramientas de un sauk o un hurón y las esculturas, calendarios o canales mayas-. La visión que ofrece del indio es totalmente sesgada, presentando sólo aquellos testimonios considerados pertinentes para sustentar una opinión preconcebida pero obviando otros menos favorables. Muestra un indio ideal, platónico, cuyas virtudes son el valor, la nobleza, la honradez, el aseo, la castidad, la generosidad, ¿la virilidad? y la humildad que se resumen en el concepto de hombría. Concepto éste que, se supone, hace referencia al hombre como ser humano y no como varón.
Como historia comparada de las religiones no aporta nada. Pretende mostrar la religión de los nativos como la expresión más prístina, pura y perfecta y la identifica con el cristianismo más sublime cuando realmente resulta difícil conjugar el panteísmo de algunas tribus con las enseñanzas cristianas; e incluso llega a afirmar que la religión de los indios es la misma que practicaban los antiguos israelitas cuando el henotismo de los patriarcas habría que incluirlo en la más compleja y jerarquizada mitología del Oriente de hace 3000 años.
El trabajo adolece de falta de crítica, es tendencioso, poco analítico, superfluo, deforma los hechos ocultando información, es … falso.
Pero claro, el error reside en interpretarlo como un estudio cuando realmente es un panegírico. Publicado por primera vez en 1937, pretende una defensa de los derechos humanos y territoriales de los indios frente a los abusos del gobierno de los Estados Unidos de América e intenta ofrecer una alternativa a la sociedad capitalista presentando a las sociedades indias como más justas, solidarias, igualitarias y moralmente superiores. Como se apunta en el prefacio a la edición de 1948. “dedicó una gran parte de su vida a ayudar a los indios dondequiera le fue posible; pero, más aún, a ayudar al hombre blanco a descubrir los valores de las doctrinas que regían la vida del indio”.
Muy interesante la recopilación de testimonios de personas que convivieron o lucharon con las tribus indias, el elenco de oraciones y canciones y la mención de importantes jefes indios que aparecen en estudios más especializados pero que la industria cinematográfica, en su papel de divulgadora poco escrupulosa, ha olvidado.… (more)

Signed by author. Green cloth boards with squirrel family drawing inlayed. Ernest Seton spent part of his youth in the backwoods of Canada and worked as a naturalist for the province of Manitoba. He spent many years in the plains of the United States where he gained an intimate knowledge of the native tribes and the animals that lived there. In 1910, he became founder and chief scout of the Boy Scouts of America. He wrote and illustrated many books especially about animals and became known for his juvenile fiction on the subject.
From Forward:
"These are the ideas that I have aimed to set forth in this tale.
1st. That although an animal is much helped by its mother's teaching, it owes still more to the racial teaching, which is instinct, and can make a success of life without its mother's guidance, if only it can live through the dangerous time of infancy and early life.
2d. Animals often are tempted into immorality—by which I mean, any habit or practice that would in its final working, tend to destroy the race. Nature has rigorous ways of dealing with such.
3d. Animals, like ourselves, must maintain ceaseless war against insect parasites—or perish.
4th. In the nut forests of America, practically every tree was planted by the Graysquirrel, or its kin. No squirrels, no nut-trees."

Ernest Seton spent part of his youth in the backwoods of Canada and worked as a naturalist for the province of Manitoba. He spent many years in the plains of the United States where he gained an intimate knowledge of the native tribes and animals that lived there. He was a wildlife artist who founded the Woodcraft Indians in 1902, regarded as one of the earliest youth organizations in modern history. In 1910, he became founder and chief scout of the Boy Scouts of America. He wrote and illustrated many books especially about animals and was known for his juvenile fiction on the subject.… (more)

Fair warning: there are a lot of SPOILERS in this post. I tell what happens because I think many readers would like to know ahead of time that A LOT OF ANIMALS DIE in these tales. Akin to Jack London's writings, there's plenty of fighting and mistreatment. Seton claims that his animal stories are based on fact, however I assume they are embellished with detail. Not quite sure how all the animal protagonists qualify as 'heroes' yet they are compelling stories.

"The Slum Cat"- life of an alley cat, with remarkably pretty markings. At first the story is just about the cat's life, how it grows up, daily search for food, avoiding bigger meaner cats, etc. Then the cat starts hanging around what sounds like a disreputable shop that sells pet birds. The seller comes up with an idea to fob off the alley cat as a rare pedigreed import at a local fancy cat show. Everyone is taken in, and the cat gets sold to a wealthy family, who do some remarkable mental gymnastics to excuse every ill-mannered and anti-social behavior the cat exhibits in their nice home. The cat is well-fed and pampered but hates it all and longs to return to its alley. Eventually it escapes and makes its way back home. Story doesn't quite end there, though!

"Arnaux" is about a homing pigeon. The bird lives in a loft that appears to have multiple owners- and the story describes how the pigeons are kept and flown. Different from nowadays... The birds must have excellent navigational skills, endurance and smarts, to make it home again. There's one bit where a pigeon takes a message to get help for a ship stranded at sea, but most of it is about regular homing pigeon races. One bird is less attractive and smaller than the rest, but the fastest racer in the loft. In part of the story this bird gets captured and shut into a different loft on his way home- by a fancier who doesn't intend to actually steal him, but to breed him and then let him go again. He ends up staying in the strange loft for years before escaping and heading straight on home again. But then the pigeon meets a sudden and cruel end. I'm sure Seton just means to show how life is not always kind and fair, but still, you might not want to read this story to a sensitive child.

"Badlands Billy: the Wolf That Won" is about a large wolf that preys on cattle so hunters are always after him. The first part of the story tells how he grows up as a pup, looses his mother and is raised by another wolf, his foster-siblings die from poisoning so then he gets all the milk and grows larger than most. Looses his foster mother at the hand of man as well but is old enough to fend for himself. Soon gains the attention of men from killing cattle- the second half of the story is mostly from human viewpoint, how they hunt down the wolf with dog packs. In this one the wolf is victor, but still it's unsettling to read how all the dogs are killed by the wolf (the author warns you ahead of time this is coming, in case you want to stop reading!) Not one of my favorites.

"The Boy and the Lynx"- there's a boy visiting some friends (a young man and his two sisters) who live in a small cabin in northern Canada. Out in the middle of the forest. Kid has gone there to recuperate his health, and is having a fine time until they all get ill. (The description of the fever and chills they suffered reminded me instantly of a scene in Little House on the Prairie). Completely debilitated by the illness, they're all mostly bedridden and start to run out of food. At the same time there's a lynx living nearby, has a den with two kittens. The lynx is near starving because rabbit population has crashed. Lynx starts coming to the cabin to steal chickens, and then gets bolder. The boy has seen the lynx a few times in the forest, but now weak and sick he has a hard time recognizing the fierce animal that comes into the cabin to eat the food off their table at night. There's a final confrontation, and even though it escapes alive, the lynx gets the worst of it in the end. The final scene in this story is very grim, and probably also very realistic. I couldn't stop picturing it.

"Little Warhorse"- When I first glanced through the table of contents, thought this was about a wild horse. Nope, it's a jackrabbit. One larger, faster, smarter than all the rest. The rabbit has his speed and hiding places and quick maneuvers to evade dogs and coyotes that chase it. But then humans hold a rabbit drive. The whole town gathers to beat the shrubbery and drive all the wild rabbits into a kind of corral. Hundreds are simply slaughtered, but those that catch people's eye are set aside and taken to use in greyhound coursing. Which usually means the dogs kill the rabbits, while people on the sidelines are betting on the dogs. Our jackrabbit excels here, too- outrunning the dogs time and time again, gaining admiration from the crowd who dub him Warhorse. The rabbit man (whose job is to take care of jackrabbits that haven't been used yet) argues that Warhorse has earned his freedom. The dog people all want to pit their greyhounds against him, so they agree on a set number of matches after which if the jackrabbit is still alive, it can be set free. The rabbit gets holes punched in his ears to mark each race won. But then they argue for more races, because other people are now eager to pit their dogs against this rabbit too. Rabbit man gets into a fight over it. So in this one the main animal character survives in the end, but a ton of his fellow rabbits died for sport.

"Snap: the Story of a Bull-Terrier"- man owns a fierce little bull-terrier dog that is vicious to everyone. It took him a week to earn the dog's trust. He's the only one who can handle it safely, and the dog is always super eager to fight any other dog it meets. Man visits a cattle ranch on business and goes along on some wolf hunts; the ranchers are no longer allowed to poison wolves so track them down to mitigate livestock losses, but their dogs won't actually grapple with the wolf. They have foxhounds to trail the scent, greyhounds to chase, and great danes and wolfhounds to close in the fight- these dogs working together can get coyotes but not the wolf. So the main character brings his bull-terrier along. It is slower than the other dogs (having shorter legs) but once upon the wolf, dives into the fight without hesitation. The men are glad to finally kill a wolf, and admire the bull-terrier's bravery, but the dog takes serious injuries. Sorry to say this is another one where the animal dies.

"The Winnipeg Wolf" is about a wolf that's taken from its den when its mother and littermates are all killed for bounty. The young wolf is chained up outside a saloon where people amuse themselves by setting their dogs on him and poking him with sticks. A bratty child flees his irate father into the wolf's shelter, and instead of attacking the animal defends him. Soon the boy and the wolf are stout companions, even though the wolf is always tied up. Eventually it gets free, is harrassed by people and chased by dogs, but never caught again. When the kid gets sick and dies from a fever, the lonely wolf hangs around town, never leaving into the wilderness. It continues to hate men and dogs but never will harm children. However the townsmen enjoy pitting their dogs against the wolf, over and over until there's a final fight with a whole scrum of dogs against the one wolf. Guess how it ends.

"Legend of the White Reindeer"- I don't quite know what to say about this one. It's set in Norway, about a white reindeer which is born in a herd that is annually inspected by men to pick animals out for training to pull sleds. The white reindeer is big and strong (it fought off a wolverine as a yearling, with the help of its mother), so of course attracts attention. It is taken into captivity and trained, but retains its fierceness and will turn on any man that mistreats it. A lot of this story was a jumble to me though- there were so many unfamiliar place names and foreign terms I had trouble following it. At one point there are races, of reindeer and horses respectively, and the white reindeer does so well it is put in a race against the fastest horse. Then there's a lot of doings among men it seems there was a misunderstanding and someone was going to turn traitor- the white reindeer was harnessed to take him carrying a message but instead of going where he was supposed to the reindeer ran off into the wilderness up a steep trail he'd often followed as a young free animal, and they were both lost in a storm, never heard of again. Which was beneficial to the country. I didn't get it.

Well, in spite of all the dismal treatment animals get in these stories, and the brutal fights, nevertheless I found them engaging and lively, with wonderful descriptions. Seton just is a darn good storyteller. Except for the last about the reindeer, they all stuck in my head vividly. Really like the illustrations, too. I think my favorite was probably "Slum Cat."

from the Dogear Diary… (more)