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Charles Fleming was one of New Zealand's pre-eminent 20th century scientists. In 1942, aged 24, he spent a year on Auckland Island as a coast watcher with the secret wartime Cape Expedition and kept a detailed and well-illustrated diary recording day to day events as well as the scientific work he undertook at No. 2 station in Carnley Harbour. He also visited No. 1 station at Ranui Cove and No. 3 station on Campbell Island.