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This authoritative official monograph uses two case studies to examine the role played by military sanctuaries as they relate to irregular warfare. In the first of two case studies, "Out""of Bounds "looks at the United States' efforts to counter the advantages gained by the Viet Cong (and later the North Vietnamese Army) with sanctuaries in Cambodia, and Laos during the Vietnam War. It uses this example to point out the diplomatic, military, and economic challenges that develop when attempting to prevent the use of transnational sanctuaries by irregular forces. The second case study examines the Soviet incursion into Afghanistan in the 1980s, but this time from the perspective of the Mujahideen insurgency. This section of the book illustrates the advantages accrued by the Afghan resistance through the use of Pakistan as a sanctuary, the Soviet efforts to neutralize those advantages, and the Mujahideen's responses to overcome Soviet actions.