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This book serves as a textbook to teach university-level students about the history of the field of anthropology in Mexico and what Mexican anthropologists and others have contributed to our understandings of Mexico. It also serves a theoretical function to reflect on the historical construction of a national identity, with the indigenous subaltern as a central and contradictory element in this construct, reviewing specifically the role of anthropology in this nationalist project. Explores the decline of Marxist analysis in the face of new interest in identity and the political implications of indigenous movements like the Zapatistas, and the rise in recent years of team-based, regional, and interdisciplinary studies.