Communism: A History

by Richard Pipes

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From the acclaimed Modern Library Chronicles comes an exploration of a promising theory that when put to practice wreaked havoc on the world. An expert on communism, Richard Pipes follows the history of the Soviet Union from the 1917 revolution to the Cold War, and finally, to its deterioration and collapse.

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10 reviews
This is AWFUL. For a far more balanced and significantly less ethnocentric view, read The Red Flag: Communism and the Making of the Modern World by David Priestland.

(No really. Pipes attacks the KGB but doesn't acknowledge the covert security services of any of the many other countries active in the Cold War. Also, there are numerous factual errors and misleading arguments in the Latin American section, especially concerning Nicaragua and Chile. And he repeatedly conflates examples separated by more than sixty years and then tries to claim they demonstrate a pattern, while refusing to admit to any other historio-political circumstances playing a role. This is a FANTASTIC example of terrible scholarship. I am appalled.)
Pipes bátran vág bele: azzal kezdi, hogy ő most a kommunizmus nekrológját írja meg. Azzal amúgy én is teljesen egyetértek, hogy ez az ideológia a maga tiszta marxista-leninista formájában a benne rejlő feloldhatatlan ellentmondások miatt nem fog újra feltámadni, de a pezsgőbontás mégsem időszerű, hisz az eszme egyes elemei azért tovább élnek a populizmusban. És itt nem csak bizonyos gyakorlati módszerekre gondolok, mint az államosító törekvések, vagy az állam és a magánszféra közti különbség elmosása, hanem elméleti motívumokra is: például arra a marxi maximára, hogy a polgári jogok holmi kártékony izék, amit a tőke csak azért talált ki, hogy segítségükkel jobban az anyagi dolgok show more rabláncára fűzze szegény fogyasztót*. Szóval mielőtt elkezdjük lapátolni a földet a sírgödörbe, nézzük azért meg, nem szökött-e meg a halott.

Ettől függetlenül ez egy nagyon jó kis áttekintő munka – csak ahogy az az áttekintő munkáknál lenni szokott, ugyanaz az előnye, mint a hátránya: hogy rövid. Ebből fakad, hogy Pipes időnként kénytelen csak egy szempontot megragadni, és abból gombolyodni előre – a másik szempont így rejtve marad, ami apróbb csúsztatásokhoz vezet**. Ez azonban bőven megbocsátható, és biztos kevésbé zavart volna, ha ezt a könyvet nem Pipes másik, ennél jóval támadhatatlanabb (mert részletesebb) műve után olvasom. Mert különben meg közérthető és összeszedett írás ez, ami jól elegyíti a tényközlést az írói következtetésekkel – akár azt is megkockáztatnám, hogy ha egy könyvet olvastok a kommunizmusról, akkor ez legyen az. De azért (ha lehet) olvassatok több könyvet a kommunizmusról***.


* Hadd ne nevesítsem, mely kormányközeli megmondóemberek szájából hallottam ezt, vagy ehhez hasonló okfejtést. Abszurd módon az egyikük pont egy olyan intézmény vezetője, amit a kommunizmus áldozatainak emlékére hoztak létre.
** Csak egy példa. Amikor Pipes a kereszténység és a kommunizmus szellemi távolságát akarja alátámasztani, Szolovjov amúgy nagyon szellemes bon mot-ját idézi, miszerint Jézus arra ösztönzött, mondjunk le a javainkról, a kommunizmus meg el akarja venni a javakat, hogy újra szétossza. Viszont szerintem ez nem a két eszme pénzhez való hozzáállásáról árul el sokat, hanem arról, hogyan gondolkodnak a kényszerről. Ilyen értelemben pedig nem annyira elméleti, mint inkább gyakorlati különbségre mutat rá. És hát amellett különösebben nem kell érvelnem, hogy kényszer-téren Jézus és az inkvizíció között is elég nagy szakadék tátongott.
*** Mondjuk még A tőké-t. Na jó, csak vicceltem.
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Disappointing after his 'Russia Under the Old Regime', which is a model of deeply-informed objective analysis. No sane person could defend the record of communist regimes in practise, or suggest that there has been any indication at all in actuality that the communist ideal could ever be realisable. But the author's own prejudices unmistakably and increasingly emerge, resulting in an unevenness of description and analysis that somewhat undermine the book's authoritativeness as a concise guide to the most important ideological/social/political movement of our time. Nevertheless the author's analysis of the contradictions inherent to communist regimes is clear and straightforward, and his discussion of Lenin and Leninism leaves anyone show more pretending that everything was fine until Stalin took over with nowhere to hide. show less
One of a series of Modern Library Chronicles, brief reviews of historical subjects. The format is like an extended essay focused on a single historical subject. This book covers Communism, and is written by the author of a history of the Russian revolution. It is excellently written, and has real insight into the failed experiment of the 20th century. Pipes describes the beginning of the theory, the development through the international movements, and the Russian revolution and Soviet state in the early part of the book. He then takes up the attempted spread of worldwide communism. He is relentless in his description of the failed logic of the communist system, and offers choice quotes and judicious comments on the historical record.
The author is so biased that from the middle of the book until the end I’ve started to question if any of the things that I didn’t have previous knowledge about were true. From blaming the communist party of the soviet union for the rise of Hitler to power, because it didn’t joined forces with the socialist party, to justifying Pinochet’s bloody dictatorship while complaining about the soviet union totalitarianism. If you’re actually looking for a book about the history of communism, this is not it. This is a collection of cherry-picked facts, 80% of them focused on Stalin. Got 2 stars instead of 1 because some of these facts were interesting (although I may still doubt that all of them are true).
Pipes lambasts, justifiable and scholarly, the errors of 20th century communism from a variety of angles.
Beginning with Plato and the first expressions of a utopian vision of a property-less society, Pipes describes communism's historical antecedents, through to Marx, Engels and the birth of communism' as a theory of class relations and a call to arms. He traces its spread to Russia and its adoption by young radical intellectuals led by Lenin, and explores why Russia, against all Marx's predictions, was such a fertile ground. He goes on to reckon brilliantly with the history of the Soviet Union, from the Russian Revolution and the Civil War, Stalin, Stalinism and the Great Terror, and the Second World War to the regime's decline and ultimate collapse. Pipes also looks at communism in its global context, from its spread to China and the show more Third World to its reception in the West, and the world-wide power struggle known as the Cold War. Finally he analyses the roots of communism's catastrophic failures and the staggering human cost it inflicted on the world in the 20th century. show less

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45+ Works 2,765 Members
Richard Pipes was born Ryszard Edgar Pipes in Cieszyn, Poland on July 11, 1923. Soon after German troops entered Warsaw, he and his family fled to Italy on forged passports in 1939. They reached the United States a year later. He was attending Muskingum College in Ohio when he was drafted into the Army Air Corps in 1942. He was sent to study show more Russian at Cornell University. He received a bachelor's degree from Cornell in 1946 and a doctorate in history from Harvard University in 1950. His dissertation became the basis of his first book The Formation of the Soviet Union: Communism and Nationalism, 1917-1923. His other books included Struve: Liberal on the Left, 1870-1905; Struve: Liberal on the Right, 1905-1944; U.S.-Soviet Relations in the Era of Détente; Survival Is Not Enough: Soviet Realities and America's Future; Russia Under the Old Regime; The Russian Revolution; Russia Under the Bolshevik Regime; and Vixi: Memoirs of a Non-Belonger. He served for two years as the director of Eastern European and Soviet affairs for President Ronald Reagan's National Security Council. He spent his entire academic career at Harvard University. He died on May 17, 2018 at the age of 94. (Bowker Author Biography) show less

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Common Knowledge

Canonical title
Communism: A History
Original publication date
1994
People/Characters
Vladimir Lenin; Joseph Stalin
Important places
Russia; St. Petersburg, Russia; USSR; China
Important events
Russian Revolution; Communism; Cold War
First words
(Preface): This book is an introduction to Communism, and the same time, its obituary.
The idea of a classless, fully egalitarian society first emerged in classical Greece.
Last words
(Click to show. Warning: May contain spoilers.)Such action will border on madness, which has been defined as doing the same thing over and over and expecting different results.
Blurbers
Johnson, Paul

Classifications

Genres
Nonfiction, Politics and Government, History, General Nonfiction, Philosophy
DDC/MDS
335.43Social sciencesEconomicsSocialism and related systemsMarxian systemsCommunism
LCC
HX36 .P495Social sciencesSocialism. Communism. AnarchismSocialism. Communism. Anarchism
BISAC

Statistics

Members
462
Popularity
65,596
Reviews
10
Rating
½ (3.70)
Languages
7 — English, Estonian, German, Hungarian, Icelandic, Portuguese (Portugal), Spanish
Media
Paper, Audiobook, Ebook
ISBNs
15
ASINs
3