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This book offers a full picture of the elephant in the Graeco-Roman world, featuring contemporary accounts of elephants performing on the battlefield. The author first traces the natural history of the elephant and then evaluates the references to elephants in the works of Ctesias, Aristotle, and other early writers. He shows the animal in action under Alexander the Great and his successors, under the Carthaginians, and under Hannibal, describing how they were captured and trained and how they were dealt with by opposing armies. He discusses what later writers such as Pliny, Aelian, and Ammianus knew about elephants, and he concludes with an account of the animals' roles in such peacetime activities as circuses and ceremonies.--From publisher's description.