The Final Theory: Rethinking Our Scientific Legacy

Interesting, this book, and not so much for what it says, especially. Here we have a book claiming to have a final, all-encompassing Theory of Everything, written by a guy with an EE degree. It is self-published. It has five-star ratings galore on Amazon, all written by folks who have never reviewed anything else on Amazon. Do some googling, and you'll find that negative reviews are quickly deleted by Amazon. All of this makes me wonder about just what is going on here: why is Amazon going out of its way to promote a self-published book? Why this book? It's all very mysterious and strange. The book itself is odd. Chapter One "debunks" Newton's theory of gravity, and reveals how little the author understands physics. (It does, however, show more remind me that no one really understands gravity, which is astounding, when you think about it.) Then we encounter Chapter Two, where the author presents his Big Idea, which is completely nonsensical. He offers no experimental evidence -- his "science" is all based on "common sense". I don't think he's out to make a quick buck, though I'm sure he's made a few. It's just another crackpot book by someone who feels the Establishment needs to be taken down and replaced by the will of the people. It's popularity is no doubt due to how it positions itself as an "outsider's" manifesto. It's written sort of in the Dummies style. So, if you're looking for A Final Theory for Dummies, you've found it. It's worth taking out of the library, for a few chuckles. Though it reveals more about the world of online booksellers and self-publishers than physics. show less

There is widespread belief that physics has essentially figured out the universe, yet if you take a good close look, the head-scratching, arguing camps, mysteries, paradoxes, and wild theories are everywhere (witness Dark Energy, Dark Matter, 11-Dimensional Superstrings, Quantum paradoxes, Relativity mysteries, etc.). Billions of dollars have been spent constructing experiments trying to prove historical theories that are now considered fact, yet whose fatal flaws are plain to see with just a little logic and modest critical analysis, all because there was no better alternative at the time and now we're locked in and heavily invested in them. The Final Theory takes a good hard look at this legacy and clearly exposes the fundamental show more reasons why all this is happening -- and would probably continue endlessly without this book, while providing solid new answers that have great potential to stop this insanity in its tracks.

The best way I could describe this new perspective is that it is a very far-reaching application of Einstein's equivalence principle, where the gravity we feel on the ground is indistinguishable from being continually accelerated upward in an elevator in deep space, only the theory takes this idea far more literally and goes way further than Einstein or anyone else ever took it, leading to the expansion of matter on all levels, both the atomic level and the sub-atomic level. The book is written in plain, clear and descriptive language that is accessible to everyone, with intriguing and challenging scientific discussions on nearly every page. For me this is by far the most viable and comprehensive explanation of the physical world I have ever encountered -- and ever expect to in my lifetime, frankly, which is why I treasure this find so much.

The first half of the book completely re-explains common physical events such as our weight on the ground, falling objects, orbits in our solar system, as well as grander issues such as inter-stellar travel and galactic and universe structure and formation -- all according to this new principle. And all of this is done with reference to actual measurements, experiences, observations and space missions, showing a far more sensible physics than Newton's proposal of an endless unpowered attracting force or Einstein's abstract warped space-time. The second half deals with energy in all its forms (light, electricity, magnetism, sub-atomic forces, etc.) and all the implications in view of this new principle, dealing also with Special Relativity, General Relativity, Quantum Mechanics and more along the way, still with the same clarity and straightforward approach as in the first half. By the end of the book, an entirely new and fully unified scientific view of everything is fully uncovered, all based on the same singular physics principle throughout, and with a depth and breadth that has never appeared anywhere yet that I'm aware of.

Judged both on its grounding in solid scientific principles and on Occam's Razor, which states that the simplest sensible explanation is usually the correct one, McCutcheon's Expansion Theory far outshines today's current theory in my opinion. If something seems needlessly, chronically and increasingly filled with mysteries, paradoxes and complexities, that is usually a strong indication that we should start looking elsewhere for answers, and this book gives a powerful new direction in which to look. Thankfully, I am now free of the same old repeated party lines I see every time I walk past the science magazine racks or see yet another documentary on our 'strange and incomprehensible universe'. Turns out it's just our odd theories that make it appear strange and incomprehensible when observations are repeatedly and singularly filtered through them and fed to us with no alternative viewpoint, hammering home the belief that our theories must be right and our universe must be a very bizzare place; yet it's actually a rather simple and beautiful place when seen from the right perspective.

In searching around, I can see there is a bit of controversy stirred up by the book, with some feeling justified in strongly vocalizing against it clearly without even bothering to read it first -- even here on Amazon's legitimate customer review page. This book powerfully demonstrates that everything we know and believe today may well need a major rethink, leveling the playing field and powerfully enabling anyone to stop and think twice, and that's not something everyone wants to hear. But as far as I'm concerned it's an absolutely fantastic find that will be relished by anyone who senses something is up with today's science and would like the opportunity to take another look at it for themselves from an entirely fresh scientific perspective that they simply won't hear from the heavily defended, unified front presented by today's scientific community and science media. show less

I am astounded that I did not discover this remarkable book sooner. Though I am not really a zealous follower of theoretical science, I have always been fascinated by the possibility that a "theory of everything" might resolve some of the fundamental mysteries of our universe.

For example, although our current theory of gravity is that it is simply one of the four fundamental forces in nature, it is clear that we have little understanding of the physical foundations of gravity; that is why we have all the divergent hypotheses being put forward: gravity waves, gravity particles, warping of space-time, etc. Plus, there is a good argument that the earth's gravity, as is is modeled in Newtonian terms, does in fact do real work in "pulling" show more objects (though this is rarely openly acknowledged), including the moon, from an otherwise straight-line motion and into a circular orbit; doing this for millions of years with no known energy source to power this work. That concern is often obscured by what seems to me a bogus use of the "work function." Where does the energy come from to divert the moon, or any orbiting object, from its straight-line momentum? And if we go with relativity theory, why do objects in space create a warping of "space-time"? Isn't that just an ad hoc theoretical position to hide the gaps of knowledge without offering any real explanatory value?

This book addresses these and so many other stubborn gaps and contradictions in current theory.

There is much to recommend this book. It provides a unique alternative to today's inadequate jumble of theories. It provides a theory that might well completely unify our understanding of basic physical phenomena. Although it might be argued that to call this theory the "final theory" is premature, and I agree that that is so, the claim is (to my surprise) actually plausible once you reflect carefully the ideas presented.

Of course skepticism is always in order in any aspect of theory construction. But skepticism is a two edged sword. It is just as foolish to "will to believe" the status quo as it is to be a naive true believer of a new theory. Open mindedness does not mean that everything that comes along is plausible. But it does mean that new ideas are considered with sincerity and not dismissed or ridiculed simply because they are startling or because they completely overturn our current understanding. The ideas in The Final Theory are quite revolutionary and startling. But it is not surprising that an idea to make sense of what is now so mysterious would indeed to be revolutionary and startling.

As with any revolutionary new theory this theory will likely be fiercely resisted by many who have invested their careers and reputations in the current array of theoretical approaches. But I believe that there will inevitably be serious consideration of this theory by very qualified scientists. It will take time before we will see much evidence of it, however. Scientists must be very cautious. They have families to support, just as the rest of us. To prematurely voice support for a theory this revolutionary will be a great risk to both aspiring and established scientists. This theory is far more fundamentally revolutionary than the new theories we see every few years in cosmology.

The book is extremely well written. The concepts are carefully explained, often with the aid of helpful diagrams, so that the reader can easily grasp the concepts. I often have trouble with advanced mathematical treatments, but in this book the mathematics is tightly argued but easily comprehended even by the mathematically impaired. The author has put in a considerable effort to help the reader understand every step of the reasoning process and the evidence marshalled to support the theory.

I have commuicated with the author and I am convinced of his complete sincerity and his deep thirst for understanding. He seems to be the kind of person who I most admire for his curiosity, his integrity, and his courgage.

If you are open-minded, yet healthily skeptical, and have a taste for the intrepid and relentless pursuit of truth, I think you will not be disappointed with this book. It is one of the most intriguing books I have ever read. show less

McCutcheon's book, which is iconoclastic and even heretical, is incredibly thought-provoking. I consider this one of the best popular science books I have read in that regard.

I could not help but think about Mordehai Milgrom, another challenger of standard gravitational theories, while reading McCutcheon's book. I built my review on a modest comparison of McCutcheon and Milgrom. Milgrom is a professor of physics at the Weizmann Institute in Israel. Bear with me to the end, and I hope you'll find the comparison useful in evaluating criticism of McCutcheon.

McCutcheon and Milgrom are examples of people who rejected the "invent a new particle" approach that is characteristic of modern physics. McCutcheon covers so many holes in Standard show more Theory that I cannot list them all here, but a few are: Olber's paradox; some problems with Red Shift; waste heat in superconductivity; raw mistakes in Einstein's math (one of which McCutcheon walks the reader through in detail); cases where Relativity Theory is contradicted, for example in the performance of real spacecraft; problems with the interpretation of experiments testing Einstein's Relativity; the expansion of ice; permanent magnets; and as I said, too many more to list.

Note that McCutcheon is just as critical of Quantum Theory as he is of Einstein and Newton.

Neither McCutcheon's Expansion Theory, nor Milgrom's theory, known as Modified Newtonian Dynamics (MOND), derive from kooky thought experiments. Both men are trying to explain real, intractable problems in Standard Theory. In Milgrom's case, he started with the rotational speeds of stars in spiral galaxies. Here's a quote from the Discover Magazine, August 2006 report on Milgrom, that could just as easily be applied to McCutcheon. Regarding galactic rotation, the article's author says: "Why don't the outer stars move more slowly than the inner ones? When confronting such a choice, scientists have only a few options: Question the data, question the theory, or invent something new...astronomers assumed the existence of a halo of dark matter around every spiral galaxy...the dark matter tugged on the stars, cranking up their speeds... The choice was reasonable, but it was still a choice."

And, "Even though dark matter has eluded all attempts at detection, most cosmologists are convinced it must be out there. Without it, there's no explanation for much of what they see in the cosmos."

"It was a solution Milgrom could not accept."

Of course go and look these things up, Reader, but please--please!--don't find a few facts in wikipedia, or opinions in a chat forum about McCutcheon and the issues mentioned above, and try to dismiss them based on those. McCutcheon's book covers dozens of unexplained phenomena or paradoxes in Standard Theory beyond the issue of gravity. Likewise, Mordehai Milgrom and his colleague Jacob Bekenstein have published a number of papers filled with much more data than my obtuse scribbles offer here.

McCutcheon's theory of gravity is intriguing as a mental exercise; it's so counter-intuitive on several points that it feels like a real accomplishment to get one's wits around it. His revision of momentum was the hardest part for me to accept. Keep in mind that I'm talking about understanding it, not necessarily believing it. It's not abstruse, like Einstein's Relativity theories, just counter-intuitive (like Einstein's Relativity theories).

Both Milgrom and McCutcheon had trouble getting published--McCutcheon so much so that he had to self-publish. Milgrom says, "I went back and looked at the history of science and saw this happens again and again. The marketplace can only handle so many heretical ideas at one time." This reminds me of Thomas Kuhn's paradigmatic view of science, which says that all science develops from assumptions. The normal cycle is for "revolutionary" science to replace the old assumptions with new ones, which gradually replace the old paradigms and become the basis of new, "normal" science. It also puts me in mind of Karl Popper's refutationist view of science, in which theories have to be falsifiable. The goal of science is to improve its theories, and to do that, we have to be able to entertain the possibility of change when someone claims to find mistakes in existing theories. We can't be so dogmatic about the current set of assumptions that to defend them, we engage in ad hominem attacks against new thinkers.

If you decide to read McCutcheon's book, don't get bogged down by the gravity discussion in the first half. If you become bored, before you give up, just get the basic idea of Expansion Theory, then jump forward to page 200 and treat yourself to some of his refutations of modern physics. The whole second half of the book moves along much more quickly than the first.

Of course Newton and Einstein were brilliant minds. But among the highlights in McCutcheon's book are the pages where he shows how a pair of very famous equations are not necessarily that innovative: Newton's gravity formula can be derived easily from Kepler's laws of motion, and E=mc^2 can easily be derived from the simple formula for kinetic motion. All in all, it's very entertaining if you're not religiously dogmatic about your science.

A couple of quotes to cap this off, the first from the Discover issue mentioned above, and the others from the back of McCutcheon's book:

"Science does not emerge in some perfect, complete crystalline form. Sometimes one must make extended conclusions from limited data. Why should all matter be in the visible sector? Dark matter was a simple solution to the problem." - James Peebles, cosmologist, Princeton University, Discover Magazine, August 2006.

"Only a few people understand--or think they understand--how a permanent magnet works. the magnet of everyday life is not a simple thing." - Tatiana Makarove, physicist, Umea University, Sweden, Discover Magazine, December 2002.

"Gravity may not be working as advertised. Spacecraft hurtling through the Solar System have been behaving so bizarrely that some scientists wonder whether our theories of gravity are wrong." - Charles Seife, New Scientist Magazine, September 1998.

"We don't know anything. Everything about gravity is mysterious." - Michael Martin Nieto, theoretical physicist, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Discover Magazine, October 2003. show less

I was worried that this book might be pseudo science but took the plunge and bought it. I have gone from one chapter to another with amazement at the theory as well as the clear consise writing as Mccutcheon takes us through a history of apparent scientific blunders which point out when and how mistakes in our current accepted science occurred, why the current theories don't fully explain underlying reasons for the theories and how they actually violate existing theories. McCucheons theories seem to work to explain these shortfailings and more. I could not find a flaw in the book after reading it 3 times. Each chapter left me more amazed than the previous and I think it is a must read for all people, layman and scientist alike. show more Congratulations to a very bold author - scientist who refreshingly questions everything about our existance in this universe and accepts nothing that doesn't make 100% sense. If I was to rename this book, I would call it "100% common sense science" or "Science that really makes sense". This book is a concise exploration of a totally new theory complete with sensible equations that not only seem to work, but are actually based on non magical observations. In a word "BRAVO" show less

This book is very compelling. When I was reading it, I really wanted to believe it. After reading it, I knew I had to investigate the opinions of both physicists and non-physicists to gain a more objective view of The Final Theory. I hope I can now use my knowledge to give a fair review of the book.

The reason that this book is so great (and the reason I give it 5 stars) is that it is extremely thought provoking and ambitious. The ideas in this book are a great source of inspiration for intelligent and creative people. Mark McCutcheon has made a tremendous effort and deserves a place in history, even though he has been harsh in his dismissal of previous physicists.

In just 417 pages, McCutcheon makes a very ambitious attempt at taking an show more alternative theory and using it to describe the nature of the universe and all the particles within it. During this process, he attempts to solve some of the big unanswered questions that have arisen in previous physics. He also makes similar claims relating to flaws in previous physics, not all of which seem justified. The Final Theory is just the beginning of a possible theory of everything, and needs to be expanded on to fully explain some of the important observations that scientists have made in the past.

While the majority of people will really enjoy The Final Theory, some people will be unable to accept that all of the physics they learned in school could be wrong, or perhaps they will misinterpret the shortcomings of the book as proof of The Final Theory's inconceivability. It is a mistake to dismiss The Final Theory just because it does not yet match up to standard theory (which is backed by decades of supporting experiments and observations). However, it is also a mistake to immediately believe everything in The Final Theory. There is no question that it is a brilliant book, but it pays to be skeptical, just as McCutcheon has been skeptical of standard theory! show less

In this book Mark McCutcheon points out what he thinks are inconsistencies in the standard theories of cosmology, gravity, orbits, magnetism, etc. He argues that scientists still do not fully understand our universe and its workings, especially energy and forces. He describes the four fundamental laws of nature proposed by the Standard Theory: gravity, electromagnetism, strong nuclear force, and weak nuclear force. He argues that Newton’s Gravitational Force is not compatible with the Law of Conservation of energy. Gravity holds planets in orbit for billions of years with no consumption of energy. Magnets cling to elevated surfaces against the pull of gravity also with no consumption of energy even though work was required to lift the show more magnet against the force of gravity in the first place. Newton’s gravity travels faster than the speed of light and instantaneously reaches to uttermost distances in the universe. McCutcheon made chapter one of “The Final Theory” available as a free download. I read it with interest. His criticism of the standard cosmological theories piqued my curiosity.

McCutcheon claims that Newton’s explanation of how gravity holds planets in orbit was preceded by The Geometric Orbit Calculation, which provides for calculating the distance of orbiting objects if their speed was known.” After accepting Newton’s description of gravity as a force, mass was arbitrarily introduced into the equation so that the mass of any orbiting object could be calculated. McCutcheon argues that the calculation is arbitrary and is not an accurate way to calculate mass. He thinks that this is one of the misconceptions generated from Newton’s law of gravity. He writes: “Though not recognized today, Newton’s gravitational force is a completely superfluous and redundant abstraction, both in theory and in practice.” I surfed The Internet and saw that “The Final Theory” has come under much criticism. Still interested, I got the book so I could read his arguments myself.

McCutcheon asks the reader to imagine the real world as being two-dimensional, and within that two-dimensional world, contemplate how a three-dimensional world might be visualized by people experiencing only two dimensions. We could not comprehend three-dimensional objects, but they would manifest themselves into our two-dimensional world. If all objects were conical, and we only see flat sections, then the flat sections we see would continuously grow bigger as the three-dimensional cones intersects into our two-dimensional world. It is equally difficult for us to imagine that objects we are familiar with in our three-dimensional world might somehow be our perceptions of objects from a four-dimensional world that project themselves into our three-dimensional view of reality.

McCutcheon’s proposes that the universe is four dimensional, the fourth dimension being outside normal experience, mysteriously beyond our normal three-dimensional comprehension. He argues that this fourth dimension is right here within our regular three-dimensional world. It exists even down to every atom. Atoms occupy the fourth dimension, which is completely foreign to us, with physics unlike anything in our atomic models today. It is the nature of this fourth dimension to continuously expand outward into our dimension, literally creating what we call atoms – but atoms that are continually expanding from this fourth dimension into our three-dimensional perception.

The space inside an atom is also different than the space outside an atom, almost like another unknown dimension. The rates of expansions in these two new dimensions are different, being much faster within the subatomic space within the atom. The internal expansion within the atom does not occur in space-as-we-know-it, and, therefore, does not consume space; instead, it merely supports the overall structure of the atom, which then defines space-as-we-know-it outside the atom. He claims that there is a big difference between the enormous subatomic expansion rate within the atom and the comparatively tiny expansion rate outside the atom. McCutcheon’s feels his new Expansion Theory, when used as a single overall theory can explain everything that previously required three theories (a mix of Newton’s gravity, relativity, and Quantum Mechanics) to explain.

My take on McCutcheon’s proposing a fourth dimension outside the atom and a fifth, much different, dimension within the atom is very hard to comprehend. I hope he has worked out his Expansion Theory mathematically and that the mathematics supports his position. What diminishes my acceptance of his arguments is that his new dimensions are not based on empirical observation – nobody has discovered them, measured them or described them. No experiment, I suppose, can prove that they exist. They seem to be purely intellectual theories that could possibly serve to give a single explanation to solve inconsistencies in the standard theories. Since the standard theories are backed up by mathematics, it would be interesting to see McCutcheon’s mathematical equations supporting his theory.

What I got out of McCutcheon’s arguments is “why does there have to be a Grand Unified Theory?” Maybe the human mind is incapable of fully understanding the inner workings of the universe. Some scientists like to argue that there is no God (McCutcheon doesn’t); but if God really exists and really created the universe, then, most likely, the human mind is incapable of fully understanding both God and how and why God created the universe. So I got something positive from McCutcheon’s book. show less