The Learned Ladies

by Molière

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Jean-Baptiste Poquelin is better known to us by his stage name of Molie?re. He was born in Paris, to a prosperous well-to-do family on 15th January 1622. In 1631, his father purchased from the court of Louis XIII the posts of "valet of the King's chamber and keeper of carpets and upholstery" which Molie?re assumed in 1641. The benefits included only three months' work per annum for which he was paid 300 livres and also provided a number of lucrative contracts. However in June 1643, at 21, show more Molie?re abandoned this for his first love; a career on the stage. He partnered with the actress Madeleine Be?jart, to found the Illustre The?a?tre at a cost of 630 livres. Unfortunately despite their enthusiasm, effort and ambition the troupe went bankrupt in 1645. Molie?re and Madeleine now began again and spent the next dozen years touring the provincial circuit. His journey back to the sacred land of Parisian theatres was slow but by 1658 he performed in front of the King at the Louvre. From this point Molie?re both wrote and acted in a large number of productions that caused both outrage and applause. His many attacks on social conventions, the church, hypocrisy and other areas whilst also writing a large number of comedies, farces, tragicomedies, come?die-ballets are the stuff of legend. 'Tartuffe', 'The Misanthrope', 'The Miser' and 'The School for Wives' are but some of his classics. His death was as dramatic as his life. Molie?re suffered from pulmonary tuberculosis. One evening he collapsed on stage in a fit of coughing and haemorrhaging while performing in the last play he'd written, in which, ironically, he was playing the hypochondriac Argan, in 'The Imaginary Invalid'. Molie?re insisted on completing his performance. Afterwards he collapsed again with another, larger haemorrhage and was taken home. Priests were sent for to administer the last rites. Two priests refused to visit. A third arrived too late. On 17th February 1673, Jean-Baptiste Poquelin, forever to be known as Molie?re, was pronounced dead in Paris. He was 51. show less

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8 reviews
Moliere has long been on my to-read list because his comedies were on a list of "100 Significant Books" I was determined to read through. The introduction in one of the books of his plays says that of his "thirty-two comedies... a good third are among the comic masterpieces of world literature." The plays are surprisingly accessible and amusing, even if by and large they strike me as frothy and light compared to comedies by Aristophanes, Shakespeare, Wilde, Shaw and Rostand. But I may be at a disadvantage. I'm a native New Yorker, and looking back it's amazing how many classic plays I've seen on stage, plenty I've seen in filmed adaptation and many I've studied in school. Yet I've never encountered Moliere before this. Several show more productions of Shakespeare live and filmed are definitely responsible for me love of his plays. Reading a play is really no substitute for seeing it--the text is only scaffolding. So that might be why I don't rate these plays higher. I admit I also found Wilbur's much recommended translation off-putting at first. The format of rhyming couplets seemed sing-song and trite, as if I was reading the lyrics to a musical rather than a play. As I read more I did get used to that form, but I do suspect these are the kinds of works that play much better on stage than on the page.

The Learned Ladies - On the surface this play that pokes fun at women with scholarly aspirations and pretensions to authority may seem misogynistic. But given my reading of other plays by Moliere, I think it just plays against the very idea of pretensions and deceptions--both of self and those of swindlers who target the gullible--and in defense of common sense over pedantry. In that sense it plays as the distaff version of Tartuffe, where it's the male parent who is bamboozled and almost forces a daughter to wed a charlatan. And the daughter in Learned Ladies, Henriette is among the more witty Moliere heroines.
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½
C'est la seule, l'unique pièce que nous avons vue à la Comédie Française à Paris, en 1968, quelques mois après les manifestations qui ont envahi les rues, et le nouveau parlement a été élu. On the banks of the Seine I had bought three volumes of the Hachette Moliere, luckily including the play running at the classic theater. So having read about half the play before we went, I understood a line here and there. Our lunch every day was Croque Messieur and white wine at a bar around the corner from our hotel near the Abattoirs, which we passed on our walk to the Louvre and Place de la Concorde. We had a VW bug, with no charge for parking by the hotel back then. When I returned to the University of Minnesota, I recovered from my show more Ph.D. orals by reading five plays of Moliere, and translating a few pages of this and his touching last play, where he may have tried to convince himelf that he had an imaginary disease.
For Femmes Savantes, I typed out Chrysale's sexist criticism of learned women, a passage that is arguably more applicable to US society now than it was in 1970 when I typed it up:
Chrysale:
It's to you I'm speaking sister.
The least solecism in speech irritates you,
but you conduct yourself eccentrically.
Your interminable books do not soothe me,
and your putting my cravat over a fat Plutarch.
You ought to burn all this useless junk
and leave science to the professors in the city.
Clean out, if you'd do something worthwhile, from the attic
to here, this far-flung sty that stinks out the help,
and a hundred other trifles whose sight offends.
Don't go looking for what they do on the Moon;
Get involved in what they DON'T at home,
where everything's run upside-down.
It's just not seemly, and for many reasons,
that a woman study to know so much of abstract things.
To raise children with good behavior,
to run the household, supervise the help,
and rule expenditures thriftily
ought to be her study and philosophy.
Our fathers were sensible on this subjet;
they said that a woman knows enough
when she has elevated her native capacity
to know a sportcoat from a pair of pants.
Theirs didn't read, but they lived, well.
Their household, all their learned conversation;
their books, a thimble, thread and needle
with which they'd work on the trousseaus of their girls.
Women nowadays are far from those ways;
they want to write, become celebrities.
No knowledge is too deep for them,
and here in France more than other paces.
They let themselves in on the secrets of sociology,
and I'd say they know everything they don't need to.
They know how the Moon moves, and the pole staar,
Venus, Saturn and Mars, that I have nothing to do with.
And, in this vain knowledge, they go looking so far,
they don't know how how my soup's cooking, which I do need.
The help aspire to science to please you,
and all do only what they have to do.
Reasoning is the occupation of all my house,
this reasoning that has banished all reason.
One burns the roast while reading a best-seller,
The other dreams up a verse when I ask for a drink.
Finally, I see your example followed by them;
one poor servant would be left, at least,
who was not infected with this bad air,
and damned if you haven't chased her off
because she speaks nonstandard English.
I tell you, Sister, this whole rout offends me
(because, as I've said, to you I address myself).
I don't like this gang of Latin-lovers,
especially this Professor Trissotin.
It's him whose verse you've trumpeted--
all his lines are like billiard balls--
you look for what he's said after he's said it.
And in my opinion, his tone's crackly.

Of course, see Richard Wilbur's rhymed pentameters for a better translation--he a prior grad of my own Amherst College. An A+ translator, Wilbur's own verse strikes me as too Romantic, himself-centered, and précieuse (term used for some 17C French verse).
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Les femmes savantes sont aussi ridicules que les précieuses… Voilà une pièce de théâtre qui est tout Molière : l’intrigue autour de deux tourtereaux dont les projets d’avenir sont contrariés, des bourgeois qui ont la tête sur les épaules, une servante qui n’a pas froid aux yeux (même si elle est très discrète ici), et des bourgeois qui se ridiculisent. Ici ce sont des femmes qui se piquent de science. Bien sûr, la science, à l’époque, a un sens différent d’aujourd’hui et on y mélange astronomie et grammaire, poésie galante et philosophie. Mais comme souvent chez Molière, bien sûr, ces femmes qui veulent sortir de leur condition sont ridicules, elles s’attachent à des apparences, professent des show more opinions qui s’avèrent n’être guère éclairées, et cela doit faire rire. Pas sur le papier, je n’arrive pas à rire en lisant du Molière, mais en général, en le voyant, cela change : Molière n’est pour moins pas un écrivain de théâtre à lire mais à voir (et c’est bien parce que je devrais pouvoir voir cette pièce d’ici peu que j’ai décidé de la lire).

Mais je crois que je me lasse de ce type de pièce un peu trop stéréotypé. Le bourgeois gentilhomme, les précieuses ridicules, les femmes savantes… Après tout, ce sont des hommes et des femmes qui veulent plus, qui veulent s’élever, s’extraire de leur condition, qui aspirent à la connaissance. Certes, ils s’entourent de personnes mal choisies, qui abusent d’elles et qui ne leur permettent pas d’accéder au savoir véritable. Mais je crois que je trouve méchant de se moquer d’elles. Leurs aspirations sont louables, et les rabaisser en montrant qu’ils ne peuvent être que des bourgeois (au sens de l’époque, c’est-à-dire de simples commerçants seulement capables de faire de l’argent), cela a un peu goût de mépris de classe qui m’a toujours un peu dérangé chez Molière.
Et je ne reviendrai pas sur les accusations de misogynie que cette pièce a valu à Molière, c’est vrai qu’il y a quelques tirades bien senties pour ramener les femmes au fourneau, mais cela me semble rentrer dans quelque chose de plus général, qui est qu’il est bon que chacun reste à la place qui lui est assignée, toute tentative de s’échapper ne pouvant que conduire au ridicule. Quand on sait que Les Femmes savantes est l’une des dernières pièces écrites par Molière, alors qu’il était bien vu des grands de ce monde, on se dit qu’il y a là une bonne dose de conservatisme et de flatterie.
Cette pièce ne fait très clairement pas partie de la veine que j’aime chez Molière, mais maintenant je suis curieuse de la voir sur scène.
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Note : J’ai lu cette pièce dans la collection des Classiques illustrés Vaubourdolle chez Hachette, qui date des années 30, un héritage familial. C’est la première fois que je lis une pièce dans cette collection : du côté maternelle, j’ai récupéré beaucoup de Bordas et de Larousse, alors que du côté paternelle, j’ai beaucoup d’Hachette, c’est assez amusant.
Le choix éditorial fait par Vaubourdolle inclut le respect de la grammaire de l’époque, avec des notes en bas de page pour que l’on ne croie pas à des coquilles. J’ai beaucoup apprécié ce choix, qui montre les différentes règles d’orthographe et de grammaire qui n’étaient alors pas fixée, et qui mettent en perspective certains débats actuels et certaines positions arc-boutées sur un refus de changer les dites règles, qui sont certes un héritage historique, mais finalement, pas si lointain et ancré qu’on veut parfois nous le faire croire…
Par contre, il manque une note pour expliquer la mention de Balzac dans une des tirades. Il ne peut bien sûr pas s’agir d’Honoré, mais j’aurais aimé savoir de qui il s’agissait, car en cherchant un peu, wikipédia donne une liste plutôt étendue de candidats balzaciens potentiels !
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Évidemment misogyne, mais Molière fait encore preuve d'un regard mordant et sait toujours faire rire
½
Tres bien! C'est lit facilement pour une femme francophone! For those of you who speak English also, it has very funny and dynamic characters.
Les Femmes savantes est une pièce de théâtre en vers de Molière, comédie de mœurs notamment sur l'éducation des filles, créée au Théâtre du Palais-Royal le 11 mars 1672. Henriette et Clitandre sont amoureux, mais pour se marier, ils vont devoir obtenir le soutien de la famille de la jeune fille. Le père et l'oncle sont favorables au mariage ; mais la mère, Philaminte, soutenue par la tante et la sœur d'Henriette, veut lui faire épouser un faux savant aux dents longues, Trissotin, qui mène par le bout du nez ces « femmes savantes ».

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1,098+ Works 22,600 Members
The French dramatist Moliere was born Jean-Baptiste Poquelin on January 15, 1622, in Paris. The son of a wealthy tapestry merchant, he had a penchant for the theater from childhood. In 1636, he was sent off to school at the Jesuit College of Claremont and in 1643, he embarked upon a 13-year career touring in provincial theater as a troupe member show more of Illustre Theatre, a group established by the family Bejarts. He married a daughter of the troupe, Armande Bejart, in 1662 and changed his name to Moliere. The French King Louis XIV, becoming entranced with the troupe after seeing a performance of The Would-Be Gentleman, lent his support and charged Moliere with the production of comedy ballets in which he often used real-life human qualities as backdrops rather than settings from church or state. Soon, Moliere secured a position at the Palais-Royal and committed himself to the comic theater as a dramatist, actor, producer, and director. Moliere is considered to be one of the preeminent French dramatists and writers of comedies; his work continues to delight audiences today. With L'Ecole des Femmes (The School for Wives) Moliere broke with the farce tradition, and the play, about the role played by women in society and their preparation for it, is regarded by many as the first great seriocomic work of French literature. In Tartuffe (1664), Moliere invented one of his famous comic types, that of a religious hypocrite, a character so realistic that the king forbade public performance of the play for five years. Moliere gave psychological depth to his characters, engaging them in facial antics and slapstick comedy, but with an underlying pathos. Jean Baptiste Moliere died in 1673. (Bowker Author Biography) show less

Some Editions

Held, Volker (Afterword)
Hidden, Curtis (Translator)
Luther, Arthur (Translator)
Thomas, Freyda (Translator)
Wilbur, Richard (Translator)

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Common Knowledge

Canonical title
The Learned Ladies
Original title
Les Femmes savantes
Alternate titles
The learned women
Original publication date
1672 (original French) (original French); 1672; 1977 (English: Wilbur) (English: Wilbur)
Important places
Paris, France
First words
Quoi! le beau nom de fille est un titre, ma sœur,
Dont vous voulez quitter la charmante douceur?
Last words
(Click to show. Warning: May contain spoilers.)Allons, monsieur, suivez l'ordre que j'ai prescrit,

Et faites le contrat ainsi que je l'ai dit.
Original language
French

Classifications

Genre
Fiction and Literature
DDC/MDS
842.4Literature & rhetoricFrench LiteratureFrench dramaClassic period 1600–1715
LCC
PQ1833 .A475Language and LiteratureFrench, Italian, Spanish and Portuguese literaturesFrench literatureModern literature17th century
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