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In the early 1980s, American grievances about foreign commercial practices began to intensify. Sunrise industries, such as manufacturers of semiconductors and telecommunications equipment, joined older complainants, like steel and textile producers, in seeking more safeguards against international competitors who priced their products too aggressively or whose governments subsidized exports or protected home markets. In this politically charged atmosphere, the U.S. government has devised increasingly stringent regulatory programs to redress the claimed abuses and distortions. In this book, Pierro Nivola examines the strenuous effort to combat the objectionable trading practices of other countries. Through most of the post-war period, Nivola notes, policymakers had deemed it in the nation's economic and strategic interests to tolerate asymmetries and infractions in the multilateral trading order. But that tolerance has been lowered by a heightened sensitivity to inequities and a growing conviction that government should intervene, frequently and forcefully, to ensure a "level playing field." This book maintains that foreign protectionism, lower East-West tensions, and alleged American decline in the face of international competition cannot fully explain the stiffening regulation of unfair trade. The world trading system, Nivola argues, is not more restrictive now than it was earlier. Cries about foreign commercial transgressions in recent years have remained shrill despite a formidable U.S. export boom and an improved current account balance. Much of the U.S. regulatory activity has acquired a political momentum of its own. The activity has increased not just because global competitive pressures have generally intensified but because we have developed more ways and inducements to complain about those pressures. Nivola cautions that trade regulation now bears too much of the burden for ameliorating economic imbalances and deficiencies. The tendency adds to a sense of frustration that fuels demand for additional regulation. While recognizing the need for an explicit and responsible trade policy, Nivola concludes that such a policy must be based, first and foremost, on realistic expectations. Trade actions need to complement, not subordinate, a more basic agenda: improvement in the national rates of saving and investment, better preparation of the work force, control of runaway health care costs, less litigation, and more regulatory reform - all of which are likely to be far more consequential for the nation's long-term competitiveness and living standards.