Gordon H. Chang

How does one write a history when no records exist upon which to base a narrative? Early on in this “epic story of the Chinese who built the transcontinental railroad,” author Gordon Chang laments the fact that not a single diary, memoir, or collection of letters has ever been unearthed to give us a first-person account of the lives of the men who crossed the Pacific Ocean from their villages in the south of China to seek their fortunes in the western United States in the years show more immediately following the cessation of the Civil War. Accordingly, and as we might expect, much of his book Ghosts of Gold Mountain depends upon general knowledge of the era and supposition and is replete with words such as “presumably, possibly, perhaps” and “maybe.” As I read through all of the “probablies,” I frequently wondered how we can classify this as a historical work at all.

I was particularly hoping to discover the futures and fates of the thousands of “Railroad Chinese” following the 1869 completion of the Central Pacific Railroad's western portion of the new transcontinental route. Where did they go? What did they do? Living in the Black Hills of South Dakota, I know that a large Chinese population existed in the town of Deadwood because, today, new excavations frequently bring to light copious objects used by the Chinese, but where are those people (or their descendants) now? They appear to have simply vanished. A mention exists on page 212 that, after the railroad work was done, “hundreds went to Paris, Texas”--my home town! Never have I heard or read before now that this northeast Texas town ever had a Chinese population. What did they do there? What became of them? Alas, Chang does not have any more of a clue than I do, or at least he does not reveal it in his book.

With so many unanswered questions, is reading the book worth the time and effort? Just a bit hesitantly perhaps, I say “Yes.” While the absence of historical documents means that the book lacks much of the specificity that I was hoping for, I did come away with more knowledge of the “Railroad Chinese” than I had. The vast numbers involved (though no one knows exactly how many), their (probable) way of life in the work camps, their death rate (though precisely what that rate was is unknown), their level of education and literacy (somewhat presumed), their motivation for immigrating (gold), and similar facts were all new to my understanding.

One particular fact that all of my previous reading and formal schooling failed to impress upon me is very clearly addressed in the book, and that is the racist bigotry exhibited by Caucasians against the erstwhile welcomed Chinese in the late 1870s into the 1880s. Accelerated by the financial panic of 1873, extreme populism reared its hateful countenance across the U.S., and the Chinese in this nation became targets of mass lynchings, bombings, arson attacks, beatings and individual murders. Even the U.S. Congress bolstered the causes of the vengeful Caucasian hooligans by passing a series of Chinese Exclusion Acts in 1882. The widespread hostility toward the Chinese is, of course, another reason that little firsthand historical documentation survives to help us grasp the story of the Chinese in the 19th century U.S.

To insert a brief word about the physical presentation of the book, the publisher, Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, should be ashamed and embarrassed by its inferior quality. While the book is technically hardbound, the binding is incredibly cheap, and the quality of the paper strikes me as anything but archival. A potential strong point of the book, its photographs, are not only reproduced in generally small format but are printed on the same poor quality paper that bears the text. As a result, the photos are difficult to interpret and much detail is lost. None of this, of course, can be laid at the author's door, but the book is worthy of a much better presentation than the publisher gives it.

In sum, while the ghosts of Gold Mountain remain largely mysterious and many facts about them remain unknown, Chang assuredly raises the reader's appreciation for these men, to whom the development of this nation owes far more than we ever learn in our history survey classes. He also disabuses us of quite a few popular misconceptions of the Chinese workers, many of which may be the legacy created by Sinophobes during the anti-Chinese hysteria of the late 19th century. While I had hoped to learn more from it, I still profited by reading Ghosts of Gold Mountain, and I do not regret the time spent in reading it. show less

This was a very informative book, although clearly difficult for the author to write based on first-hand accounts of the Chinese experience on building the transcontinental railroad, since there are few first-hand accounts that have been preserved. The author presents much of his material from inference based on similar experiences of Chinese in other situations. Nonetheless, there is nothing apparent that would indicate that these inferences cannot be assumed to be correct.

The book clearly show more presents the case for how vastly important (and for the Central Pacific, highly critical) the individuals from China were to the construction of the railroad. Since the CP’s work force was overwhelmingly Chinese, the RR would either have not been built at all, or the trackage that the CP was able to complete versus the Union Pacific would have been significantly less, and in all likelihood, the transcontinental RR would have taken much, much longer to complete.

The information provided greatly adds to the understanding of the human sacrifice that was necessary for the TCRR to be built. Many deaths and much suffering by the Chinese are discussed, and the author makes it evident how terrifying some of the work was. Work continued 24/7, though the mountains, requiring vast use of explosives. But the discussion of the work necessary to keep the building going, especially the tales of the winter storms in the Sierras and how it was necessary to not only avoid being swept away by avalanches, but to actually have to tunnel thorough huge levels of snowfall to get to the work sites from the residential camps, is harrowing.

The only critique of the book I have is the presentation of the photographs. Granted, you cannot increase the size of the photos in the book without losing clarity – however, it would have been very helpful had the author used some method to point out where in the pictures were the items/people he was trying to point out. In other words, it would have been helpful to perhaps use a line with text next to the picture (although this might not have been permitted by the owners of the photographs). Otherwise, it was very difficult to see some very small details. Doing this would have added to the understanding of the book’s discussions. show less

Most Americans learn in school that there were Chinese workers on the transcontinental railroad project, but that’s usually where it stops. Chang, professor of humanities and of history at Stanford, the director of the Center for East Asian Studies and co-director of the Chinese Railroad Workers in North America project, has gone to primary sources to shine a light on the lives of the some 20,000 workers who came from China to work on the tracks.

When the Transcontinental Railroad project show more was put together, a competition arose between the Union Pacific railroad working from the east and the Central Pacific railroad working from the west. They started in 1864 and finished in 1869. Union Pacific had it fairly easy; they covered a lot of fairly flat states. Central Pacific, on the other hand, started at Sacramento and went right up into the Sierra Nevada Mountains. There were no machines to do any of the work; it was all done with shovels and picks, moving rocks and soil in buckets. Differences in elevations had to be smoothed into easy slopes, sharp curves had to be made wider. Once the rail beds were done, ties and steel rails had to be laid. They went right on up through the Donner Pass, working night and day, summer and winter. It was dangerous and horribly hard work. They were paid submarket wages and were treated badly by the whites, especially by the settlers they worked around- settlers afraid the Chinese would want to stay there once the railroad was down.

Not all the Chinese in the project were railroad workers; some were vendors, while some made livings farming and providing familiar foods to the RR workers. While there were very few Chinese women involved in the project, what there were tended to be enslaved as sex workers.

Sadly, no first-hand account has ever been found. Chang has had to resort to ship manifests, immigration lists, business records of the Chinese community, old newspapers, family stories, and oral histories. He’s put together a solid history that, while dry, is good and fairly easy to read. There were sections that I found slow and boring, but most held my interest well. Four stars. show less

A history of the Chinese workers who built the Western railway, told by reconstructing their world from existing evidence. Of the tens of thousands of letters they sent home, none have been found by historians, but Chang consults other contemporaneous accounts from Chinese workers in the US, stories passed down in families, and even what can be gleaned from records left by suspicious and often confused white people. Among other things, he argues (somewhat optimistically) that the workers’ show more strike often considered to have been a total failure was actually a success, given that wages began to rise pretty substantially thereafter. show less