John Cooper (19)

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It's an interesting survey of Walsingham's career, starting with how his views of Catholicism vs Protestantism were hardened by the experience of being the English ambassador in France at the time of the St Bartholomew's Eve Massacre (see also Christopher Marlowe, and Doctor Who). And in particular, Cooper conveys very effectively the fragility of the Elizabethan regime as directly experienced by those who were running it. One of the biggest mental show more adjustments I've had to make as I get into the period is to realise that the people living through it had no idea that Elizabeth would live to 1603 - crowned heads were tumbling at the drop of a hat across Europe, and the heir to Elizabeth's throne was literally imprisoned in England and actively plotting against her. It's also clearly and sympathetically put that Walsingham and Cecil were more hardline in their religion than the queen was; and they saw their job as preserving the realm even against her whims if the latter should be potentially destructive. Ireland doesn't loom as large here as I had expected it might; perhaps the informal demarcation of responsibilities between Walsingham and Cecil left it more in the latter's domain. But there is lots of useful stuff, helping me to form a better picture of the complex environment of the time. show less

A frustrating book, but an important one.

Important because this is an excellent study of fanaticism and religious extremism. Anyone who wishes to understand the turbulence that competing religious views cause would find this book a valuable insight into why people are driven to acts of terror or martyrdom in the name of their religion. Cooper also provides an acute understanding of the domestic religious troubles that have shaped the United Kingdom since the split with Rome.

The religious show more fundamentalism being explored here is that of Protestants and Catholics in the time of Henry VIII to Elizabeth I, when religious arguments were settled by seeing just how flammable the opposition’s books and believers were. It was a time when, depending upon your point of view, foreign trained insurgents were causing unrest and threatening the security of the state, or missionaries were trying to save souls.

Francis Walsingham considered the security of the Crown, be that the state or the person of Queen Elizabeth, paramount. As a result, he ruthlessly protected the both from assaults foreign and domestic by establishing what would now be considered a surveillance network throughout Europe and variously banging up, torturing or making life uncomfortable for anyone he considered a threat or, as we know them today, Catholics.

The importance of religion, both as a personal belief and as a tool of compliance with the state cannot be overstated. If all you had was a life of turnips and toil, the promise of a better life after death was a powerful carrot – quite a lure if all you eat is turnips.

It’s also something of a frustrating read. The book is densely packed with facts and personalities, but comes alive when describing life in Elizabethan England (toil, soil, religious oppression and the constant threat of invasion). England is, however, paradise compared to the rest of Europe, where religious wars and competing dynasties make for an exciting life. Especially in Paris where, if Cooper is to be believed, the locals made massacring protestants something of a hobby.

The book needs to be twice as long. It would have been excellent to have more context, more background on life in the period, because there is much to fascinate. There are tantalising mentions of Elizabeth’s ‘processions’ around the country, which explains why so many houses have a little plaque explaining ‘Elizabeth I slept here’. Elizabeth undertook these processions as much to get away from tiresome foreign dignitaries visiting court and casually proposing royal matches for the virgin queen as to meet with gentry anxious to put the local plaque maker to work.

Walsingham’s origins and rise are well documented (it’s not what you know, it’s who you know, and who you are married to…until you attain power, then it’s what you know and you had better know your stuff). Cunning and ruthless, he puts the security of the state before everything else, including his own health and certainly before the health of Mary Queen of Scots. There are fascinating passages about the use of ciphers and espionage and although Cooper is at pains to point out that Walsingham did not create the secret service as we know it, he is described as an arch spymaster.

But it’s the details though that fascinate. No wonder Walsingham was using, and cracking, ciphers and codes, when paintings and portraits contained symbols and hidden messages. And it was not just messages that were hidden, priests were hiding and catholic gentry were celebrating mass in private chapels. There’s even common use of the word ‘recusants’ – surely one of the most charming words one could come across. Naturally, if you were one, things got sticky.

Walsingham was an important man. Cooper leaves it for the reader, and history, to judge if he was national hero, or a monster. (In this sense, more background information would have been useful, Elizabethan scholars could have skipped bits about the wearing of a ruff if they already knew it).

But the core message, the threat to the state, the determination of religious extremists, and the determination of those who stand against them with their own extreme views and methods on the preservation of the state, is well made. show less

This was an interesting description of the life and times of Francis Walsingham, a man who rose to power in the court of Elizabeth I, at a time of great threatened instability from enemies both within the country and from the outside.
Although unwell for much of his life, he spent all his energies in the protection of his country and his queen by building up a vast network of spies to keep an eye on people on the continent and people within the country who were colluding with the interests of show more the Spanish and the Catholic cause.
Not all of his actions were particularly praiseworthy--looking at the way he forced confessions from enemies of the State, but he did not end up enriched from his service as many other people did and he behaved with bravery when it would have been safer not to. show less

When the Elizabethan era is mentioned, I immediately think of Shakespeare and the Spanish Armada. Religion doesn't immediately come to mind. Yet religious matters occupied much of the public career of Francis Walsingham, Elizabeth I's principal secretary for nearly two decades. Walsingham, a dedicated Protestant, was vigilant to protect queen and country from Catholic invasion. He developed a network of informers, some of whom were double agents, to stay a step ahead of Catholic plots to show more kill Elizabeth and put a Catholic monarch in her place.

I was interested in the descriptions of the multitude of documents that Walsingham produced – correspondence, position papers, and reports. Walsingham couldn't have succeeded in his role without the ability to process a great deal of information and organize it in a useful system.

I had never given much thought to the cost of government in Elizabethan England. Financing the nation's defense was a problem. Public figures like Walsingham were expected to fund their own work, and the demands of Walsingham's office often exceeded his income.

Although Walsingham wasn't a particularly likeable man, his life makes for interesting reading. He either influenced or was influenced by many historic events, including the Reformation communities in Switzerland, the St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre in France, the death of Mary, Queen of Scots, the settling of the Roanoke Colony, and the defense against the Spanish Armada. While there are lots of names, dates, and places mentioned in the book, the big picture of Walshingham's life doesn't get lost in the details. Recommended for readers with an interest in the Elizabethan era.

This review is based on an electronic advanced reading copy provided by the publisher through NetGalley. show less