David R. Shumway

“The various connotations of ‘discipline’ have until recently been entirely positive; to call a branch of knowledge a discipline was to imply that it was rigorous and legitimate. The name did not reveal that knowledge was produced by regulating or controlling knowledge-producers, nor that the training of disciples produced the general producers, nor that the training of disciples produced the general acceptance of disciplinary methods and truths. The branches of knowledge themselves, show more as well as what ‘a branch of knowledge’ even means, have changed radically since the classical era.”
“Modern disciplines, however, came into being only with the breakup of natural philosophy into independent natural sciences at the end of the eighteenth century. Moral philosophy broke up somewhat later into the social sciences. ‘The humanities’ is a twentieth-century term of convenience for those disciplines excluded from the natural and social sciences. While modern philosophy was defined by what was removed from it in the creation of the sciences, the other modern humanities emerged first in the form of classical philology, which produced history, modern languages, and even art history as descendents.”
Disciplines partition themselves off from one another through “boundary-work,” which “entails the development of explicit arguments to justify particular divisions of knowledge and the social strategies that prevail in them…When the point is to regulate disciplinary practitioners, boundary-work determines which methods and theories are included, which should be excluded, and which may be imported.”
“To take disciplines as historical artifacts is to refuse to equate disciplinary knowledge with ‘truth.’ This approach to disciplinarity leads away from the issues that have preoccupied philosophy of science and epistemology.” show less

Shumway, David and Craig Dionne. “Introduction.” In David R. Shumway and Craig Dionne, Eds. Disciplining English: Alternative Histories, Critical Perspectives (SUNY 2002): 1-18.
“[D]isciplines are historically specific forms of knowledge production, having certain organizational characteristics, making use of certain practices, and existing in a particular institutional environment. The “convergence of” “the social form of the academic disciplines” and the Foucauldian meaning show more “discipline” as “strategies of control” is no accident. “Disciplinary power’s greatest strength…lies in its usually not having to be enforced from the outside at all.” “Disciplines are not organized in order to solve real world problems or to achieve consensus, but rather to produce more knowledge about their objects.” “[D]isciplinarity requires the production of increasing amounts of similar work, and disciplines can be conceived as machines for the production of statements….Thus, disciplines are structured by problems or questions that are in some way self-reproducing.” show less