Orality and Literacy

I discovered Walter Ong's 'Orality and Literacy' (1982) only recently. I wish I had read it 30 or more years ago at the same time as my encounter with the similarly illuminating William Ivins, in his 'Prints and Visual Communications' (1953). Ong, who acknowledges Ivins in 'Orality and Literacy', was concerned with the evolution of human consciousness effected by the invention of written language as an extension of oral communication. In his memorably strange coinage, literate peoples live in the hybrid world of the 'grapholect' in which oral and written cultures are melded. Ivins' discussion of the evolution of printed illustrations is an inspiring complement to Ong on literacy: his 'Prints and Visual Communication' is a history of show more printed illustrations as a 'medium for the transmission of information in invariant form', with similar implications for the enlargement of consciousness. For both Ong and Ivins, the significance of printed information, whether in words or illustrations, was the liberation of knowledge from the vagaries and limits of memory that constrain consciousness in non-literate cultures and preclude scientific or conceptual enquiry.
Grapholexy has its own constraints. Ong remarks the difficulty for literate peoples of conceiving, in any accurate or meaningful way, what it is like to live in a primal world of purely oral communication: 'The effects of oral states of consciousness are bizarre to the literate mind.' The intimate relationship between oral and written communication is itself hard to conceive, lending itself to his oracular formulation: '[T]ext is fundamentally pretext - though this does not mean that text can be reduced to orality'.
'Orality and Literacy' is an essentially evolutionary story of the development of civil modes of discourse in which the omnipresence of modern print culture contains and constrains the exuberance of discussion and argument in earlier more orally saturated cultures. But evolution, like progress, is a tricky concept. Ong's reflections on ‘modern’, televised US presidential debates (he probably had in mind the Reagan-Carter debates of 1980) are marvellous for their lack of prescience about the direction that evolution or progress might take. He remarks the agonistic style of 19th century political debates, which resembled a prize fight. By contrast, in the 1980’s, 'Presidential debates on television today are completely out of this older oral world...candidates...make short presentations, and engage in crisp little conversations with each other in which any agonistic edge is deliberately kept dull....Electronic media do not tolerate a show of open antagonism....the media are totally dominated by a sense of closure which is the heritage of print: a show of hostility might break open the closure, the tight control. Candidates accommodate themselves to the psychology of the media. Genteel, literate domesticity is rampant.'
In late 2020 after the debacle of the Trump vs Biden shouting matches, it was only to be expected that the news media would recall Walter Ong's analysis of the rhetorical excesses of illiterate cultures: ‘Donald Trump has come to represent the most concentrated form of toxic waste produced by a part of our culture that no longer finds any value in the written word'. (Desolation Press, 2020). show less

This is a five-star book in terms of its content: Ong's theory about the orality-literacy binary is illuminating, if oversimplified.

His main argument: that oral speech and written word are not merely two different ways of expressing the same thing, but qualitatively different with far-reaching implications. Drawing on literary analysis and anthropological studies in pre-literate societies, Ong argues that oral culture is driven by the inability to ever "look something up." As a result, oral cultures exist perpetually in the present — only what can be remembered exists, so communication in these cultures is designed to be mnemonic: proverbs, rhymes and verse, containing larger-than-life characters, catchy phrasing and a focus on the show more communal rather than the individual. People who've interiorized writing as part of literate cultures have no need to keep everything in their minds, so they can be more inwardly focused, more analytic, more linear and less digressive. (Though literacy clearly has benefits, Ong is careful not to describe it as superior to orality; knowing that he is writing to literate readers, Ong goes to great pains to defend and explain orality.) The two ideas aren't binary, but rather represent a continuum — many people are influenced, in Ong's formulation, by both oral and literate modes of thought and communication, but some are more literate than others.

The book passes the standard of my very favorite works of nonfiction: it gives me an analytic framework I can generalize and apply to other areas. (One striking application of Ong's work others have recently made: looking at the many ways in which President-elect Donald Trump's speeches and tweets reflect the oral tradition.)

Unfortunately, I can't give it the usual five-star review I would to that type of transformative work because for a variety of reasons it falls just short in its presentation. Orality and Literacy is in some cases over-technical in its language, in other cases too bound up with arcane academic disputes, even though it was written as a popularization of Ong's more academic work. It's not a hard read per se, but it's not as accessible as it could be. More significantly, it spends so much time responding to the assumed pro-literate bias of Ong's readers and interlocutors that it often falls short in defining the literacy half of his dichotomy. It's assumed that readers are familiar with literate culture, which we may very well be (on Ong's continuum I'm certainly hyper-literate), but I'd have appreciated more of a compare-and-constrast approach.

It's also worth noting that some of Ong's theories are dated, not least by the revolutionary changes in communication brought about by the Internet and mobile phones since this was published in 1983. Additionally scholars in various fields have challenged some of his conclusions. Fortunately, the 30th Anniversary Edition I read includes a very helpful afterword that takes on some of these criticisms and changes in a fair manner.

Ultimately these are more quibbles than objections. I wish the book were better, but even with its flaws, people who enjoy this sort of conceptual theories should absolutely give this a read. show less

Ong raises a lot of interesting ideas, but his scholarship strikes me as anything but rigorous. I get the feeling that he can stretch his examples to support any point he happens to wish to make. I was convinced by his argument that particular media inform content and may even structure consciousness. But I didn't buy the dichotomy he set up between oral and literate cultures... I couldn't find any rhyme or reason in which cultures he designated as oral, and which as literate, so I concluded that pretty much every contemporary culture includes aspects of both. I don't see that literacy has supplanted orality, nor that it ever will -- they seem to be constantly informing each other.

Perhaps one of the most important books I've read. The accessible theory rendered in fresh langauge makes the nuance of the arguments all the more effective. Secondary Orality is a fascinating idea and Ong does a masterful job of exploring how human cognition has been affected in its engagement with the technology of writing. There is also plenty of ground here for linguists and cognitive scientists to debate. An excellent lens for literary analysis.

This is a wonderful book, the rare teaching text that both sums up the prior literature masterfully and offers up its own incisive analysis. I highly recommend this book for an introduction to the field. I will be following up the references in it for quite some time.

In Orality and Literacy (1982), Walter Ong theorizes that oral societies think different than literate societies; writing is a technology that structures the mind. He also offers the term "secondary orality" to understand new orality made possible by technologies such as the telephone, radio, and television (11). According to Ong, writing technologies bring about the ability to critique and other complex modes of thought (80).

This is a classic on the topic of how the word was technologized, how written language and printing has changed our relations to language and communication. For interaction designers, it is an excellent example of how a particularly relevant technology can be understood and analyzed.