Four Quartets

by T. S. Eliot

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The last major verse written by Nobel laureate T. S. Eliot, considered by Eliot himself to be his finest work Four Quartets is a rich composition that expands the spiritual vision introduced in "The Waste Land." Here, in four linked poems ("Burnt Norton," "East Coker," "The Dry Salvages," and "Little Gidding"), spiritual, philosophical, and personal themes emerge through symbolic allusions and literary and religious references from both Eastern and Western thought. It is the culminating show more achievement by a man considered the greatest poet of the twentieth century and one of the seminal figures in the evolution of modernism. show less

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These poems need to be -- and deserve to be -- read again, and again, and again. It is as you become more and more familiar with them that their shape and their music become clearer, and that the dense, complex net of internal echoes and cross references begins to emerge. These are poems that richly repay their readers' efforts. And when your efforts have made you comfortable with at least "Burnt Norton", treat yourself by tracking down Henry Reed's parody, "Chard Whitlow"; with luck Google will point you to a recording of Dylan Thomas reading it in the style of Eliot.
Quatro Quartetos
(i) Trad. Ivan Junqueira (com introdução e notas). Rio de Janeiro: Civilização Brasileira, 1967.
(ii) Tradução de Maria Amélia Neto 3ª edição EDIÇÕES ÁTICA 1983.

Eliot considerava-o sua obra-prima, embora, é claro, a maioria fique com The Waste Land.
"Four Quartets" baseia-se no conhecimento de Eliot sobre misticismo e filosofia. Consiste de quatro poemas longos, aliás publicados individualmente: "Burnt Norton" (1936), "East Coker" (1940), "The Dry Salvages" (1941) e "Little Gidding" (1942), cada qual dividido em cinco partes. Embora seja difícil fazer comparações elucubrativas entre eles, nota-se que cada um contém uma localidade geográfica no título e todos especulam sobre a natureza do tempo, seja show more ela teológica, histórica ou física, e sobre a influência exercida pelo tempo nos seres humanos. Além disto, cada um está associado a um elemento da antigüidade clássica: ar, terra, água e fogo, respectivamente. Eles se aproximam nas idéias, de uma forma variável, porém intercalada. Os poemas questionam mas não oferecem respostas definitivas. "Burnt Norton" é uma casa de campo situada em Cotswold Hills, no condado de Gloucestershire, Inglaterra.
"East Coker", batizado segundo a vila inglesa meridional de onde os ancestrais puritanos de Eliot emigraram para os Estados Unidos, lida com a natureza cíclica do tempo. Aqui, o poeta observa a tendência de todas as coisas terrenas subirem e eventualmente cairem. O cristianismo, com sua ênfase na vida eterna, diz Eliot, promete um modo de transformar em início o fim de cada um e escapar assim da condenação de queda no esquecimento total. "East Coker" foca também a natureza da linguagem e da poesia.
The Dry Salvages são um grupo de rochas com um farol para navios em Cape Ann, Massachusetts (costa da Nova Inglaterra), lugar que Eliot visitou na juventude. É o mais fraco dos quartetos. Trata do elemento água através das imagens de rios e mares. Exacerbando o tema náutico, sofre com o fraseado sinuoso e a formulação peculiar.
"Little Gidding", que conclui soberbamente o livro, é uma igreja no condado de Huntingdonshire. O poema foi escrito durante as Blitzen, uma época de medo e dúvida na Inglaterra, mas contrapõe a loucura hitlerista a uma nota de esperança e triunfo espiritual. É o mais antagonizado dos quartetos. A experiência pessoal do autor como voluntário na equipe civil anti-ataques aéreos dá força ao poema, e ele se imagina encontrando com Dante no meio do bombardeio alemão. Acaba com uma frase de Julian of Norwich: "all shall be well and/All manner of things shall be well", lembrando um conflito anterior, a Guerra Civil da Inglaterra, e procurando uma lição para sua própria geração. Termina com a paz interior em um momento de confusão, graças à percepção de que a dor do presente é evitável. O passado nos ensina o que os poetas fizeram e o futuro é quanto resta a ser 'escrito'. A antologia harmoniza a inspiração de pensadores cristãos como San Juan de la Cruz e o referido Julian de Norwich. Como resultado, o trabalho é extremamente profunda e pode-se encontrar algo novo em cada leitura. É também um livro envolvente e até divertido para o leitor (high-brow, bem entendido) mais casual, uma fusão de sons suaves e grandes temas de todos os tempos. Que combinação!
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After encountering excerpts from Little Gidding again and again in my theology reading I decided to read Four Quartets. I really enjoyed the confidence and structure of the poems and they still maintained a fluidity that invokes mystery and isn't obtuse. The paradoxes and challenges of being a temporal being are grand, indeed, and Eliot brings a beauty to these ruminations, lofty and still grounded in the natural world.
I read this to myself aloud over four mornings. One quartet before breakfast. And it had the same profound effect on me as the previous times. There is more in this work of extended poetry, more richness of language, more ideas, more images to think over than in all the long prose I've read this year probably.

It may be strange to think this, but TS Eliot feels both a modern and an ancient author (OK, historical). He has been dead as long as I’ve been alive, yet his narrator/persona feels older in Four Quartets. When he wrote The Waste Land, it was full of the past, yet explained the present. He was born into the New World of America, yet ended up in the old world of Europe. He went even more conservative shifting from the show more ‘new-age’ Protestantism of his family to the ye-oldy version of the Church of England, a faith he felt more Catholic than the Catholics of Rome. Yet, Four Quartets feels like both a piece of old church organ music, pumping out its devotionals, and modern to the point of feeling re-invented each time I open it.

What we call the beginning is often the end
And to make an end is to make a beginning.
The end is where we start from. And every phrase
And sentence that is right (where every word is at home
Taking its place to support the others …
An easy commerce of the old and the new,
The Common word exact without vulgarity,
The formal word precise but not pedantic,
The complete consort dancing together.)


I am the last to ever talk about spiritual matters. I have no idea what the word ‘spiritual’ means. I once raised this with someone who placed it in its most concrete form me: a kind of warm feeling you cannot explain. Which takes me to Four Quartets, because it gives me warm feelings I cannot explain. Except I sort of can explain it in technical terms because TS Eliot uses words, meter, rhyme etc: which when placed together, repeating sounds, creating rhythms, stretching reading time and thus create the experience of warmness. So, not unlike religious texts which are also based on words, which when repeated often enough by enough people who all say they mean what they mean, or mean something more than the word on the page, we arrive at the sacred. But I’m not saying the experience of reading Four Quartets is religious or spiritual, because after all I don’t understand ‘spirit’.

I’m left thinking TS Eliot wrote a kind of devotional poem here. But unlike anything I’ve known before. A devotion to poetic craft and that strange relationship we have with time. We know we are mortal, poets, know they are, Shakespeare knew he was, too, which is why he wrote about immortalising images in art. Whether Eliot wanted to do that or not, I don’t know. But this poem seems to have travelled well through time, so I can still read it, as though it was fresh off the page, like the last time I read it and the time before that. And each time it was fresh and new and warming.

While it is hot here in time and this place, the poem brings its commune with the dead constantly back to the living, the distant with the proximate, when I read this:

Midwinter spring is its own season
Sempiternal though sodden towards sundown,
Suspended in time, between pole and tropic.
When the short day is brightest, with frost and fire,
The brief sun flames the ice, on pond and ditches,
In windless cold that is the heart’s heat,
Reflecting in a watery mirror
A glare that is blindness in the early afternoon.


I guess that it works the way it does because in the right hands words don’t lose value. Except malevolent people want to re-invent their meaning to fix them in time and place for the purposes of consolidating their power, and the world suddenly feels cold. And when that happens, thank those who write poems like this one that frees the reader from all that nonsense, or consoles the reader when the words they think they know are hardened into stone-like articles of faith and their meaning locked so they cannot use them freely. Then, it may be right to think of the reading of Four Quartets as a kind of freely offered spiritual experience, connecting with warmth (perhaps even heat) at least with the words. Strangely, TS Eliot was often thought of a bit of a cold fish.

Yet he wrote one of the finest things I have ever known, and I’m so pleased I learned this language at the age of five to experience it. I will read it again soon:

We shall not cease from exploration
And the end of all our exploring
Will be to arrive where we started
And know the place for the first time.
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[Four Quartets] (T S Eliot) (14/01/24) *****



Finally I have settled to read this extraordinary volume. I saw Ralph Fiennes perform it on stage in 2022 (there is a short bite of that recording below, as well as Eliot reading the complete Quartets).

It really is difficult to say much about it. I read it twice today, and plan to read it at least once a month this year, I really want to know it. The rhythm is wonderful, and in its time original, but so many writers have been inspired by it since, its originality is less noticeable perhaps now. The language is mostly unfussy, but its meditation on time, nature, philosophy and life is hypnotic.

Fiennes: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=n07_rilmM18

Eliot: show more target="_top">https://archive.org/details/lp_t-s-eliot-reads-his-four-quartets_t-s-eliot show less
T. S. Eliot, nei suoi “Quattro Quartetti”, nel lontano 1930, scrisse “siamo distratti dalla distrazione a causa della distrazione”. Sembra quasi descrivere il momento in cui viviamo. Come sempre, la grande poesia e i grandi poeti anticipano la storia. La vita di oggi è fatta appunto di grandi ed incessanti connessioni che portano a continue interruzioni e quindi “distrazioni”. Siamo come dei criceti su di una ruota dalla quale non possiamo scendere. La nostra vita, le nostre relazioni, la politica, le istituzioni, le religioni, tutto è modulato da un ecosistema fatto da tecnologie basate su interruzioni. Tra cellulari, tablet, personal pc, possiamo accedere ovunque ed in qualsiasi momento alla Rete. Apparentemente un show more grande vantaggio, in effetti siamo sottoposti a continue interruzioni, in qualsiasi momento. Non importa cosa stiamo facendo. Il che non sembra essere affatto un elemento positivo.

Nella storia degli uomini la tecnologia ha sempre interagito con chi la usa in maniera del tutto imprevedibile. Essa altera i comportamenti, il modo di pensare, le norme sociali e persino la struttura fisica del nostro cervello, come dimostrano recenti studi in merito. Gli strumenti che di giorno in giorno vengono fuori dal cilindro del mercato tendono sempre di più a controllarci. Del resto sembra che tutti abbiano accettata l'idea che si è diffusa e cioè che non possiamo non pensare in maniera globale e agire di conseguenza in modo locale.

Una volta che la tecnologia entra nella cultura, ha sempre la meglio. Si nutre di se stessa, ma lusinga l'altra e la fa sua. Le strutture sociali, i valori, i comportamenti, le politiche non possono non organizzarsi intorno ad essa. Questo accade a scapito dei precedenti valori e tradizioni. Nasce così una cultura diversa. L'invenzione della stampa significò mettere nelle mani di tutti l'informazione, il che provocò la nascita dell'individualismo, dell'alfabetizzazione, della lingua complessa, della tradizione. Soltanto pochi decenni dopo l'invenzione della tipografia a caratteri mobili si erano stampati in Europa oltre dieci milioni di libri. Qualcuno ebbe a dire che erano troppi!

Mi rendo conto che forse non tutti concorderanno con questo quadro della situazione, ma le cose stanno esattamente così, se le paragoniamo a quello che sta accadendo oggi. Vi ricordate di quando i nostri genitori ci raccomandavano di non parlare ad alta voce? Di quando ci si intratteneva in conversazioni a bassa voce? Delle discussioni sotto voce in famiglia? Di quando tra colleghi in ufficio ci si scambiavano idee e consigli invece di messaggini? Quante volte siete stati distratti nel leggere questo post?

Questa e' la prova di come l'ecosistema delle interruzioni tecnologiche stia condizionando la cultura. Esiste ancora, e' ovvio, il valore della curiosità, della privacy, della contemplazione, della conversazione, del lavoro di gruppo. Ma sono sempre valori rari ad essere applicati. Non si tratta tanto di ipocrisia, anche se aleggia sempre nella cultura umana. Il fatto e' che la tecnologia la fa da padrona.

Non ci rendiamo conto che essere dappertutto significa essere da nessuna parte. Internet, la Rete, i siti sociali, i cellulari, i satelliti sono senza dubbio utili ed opportuni. Ci rendono non solo più efficienti ma anche più efficaci. Ma non dobbiamo perdere però di vista il contenuto della comunicazione e la sua decisiva importanza. Marshall McLuhan, molti anni fa ormai, scrisse che il contenuto di un mezzo e' "il gustoso pezzo di carne che il ladro offre al cane della mente". Dobbiamo considerare bene il modo con il quale siamo condizionati da tutti questi messaggi, chiamate, posting, linking, scanning, ricerche e via dicendo.

Internet, più che creare distrazione, nella crescente dipendenza, ci sta facendo dimenticare le capacità della memoria, la concentrazione, il riconoscimento dei modelli, la formazione del significato, il senso della privatezza. Siamo sempre più irrequieti, impazientì, vogliamo ogni giorno di più, siamo sempre più assetati di sapere, vogliamo essere sempre connessi e creativi. Stiamo perdendo la capacità di pensare a lungo termine su qualunque cosa. Saltiamo da un link all'altro, illudendoci di andare alla scoperta di nuove realtà. Invece, con tutte quelle foto, collegamenti, video, testi e contro testi, non impariamo molto. Sopratutto, non ricordiamo, non memorizziamo, non elaboriamo, perché sovraccarichiamo i nostri circuiti cerebrali.

In una frase, la nostra mente e' appesantita dal mezzo. Paradossalmente è rallentata dal mezzo stesso che ci illude di farci volare nel suo "stream", il suo inarrestabile flusso. Ci illude di essere dappertutto, ma in effetti non siamo da nessuna parte. Siamo rimasti sulla nostra sedia davanti al pc o alla tv. E' vero che Internet ci aiuta a semplificare, frammentare, parcellizzare l'informazione e usarla quando vogliamo. Ma e' anche vero che non ci aiuta ad essere coerenti, consecutivi, continuativi verso una sistematizzatione della conoscenza. Siamo tante entità individuali brillanti ma frastagliate e spesso contraddittorie, senza una coerenza che ci metta in condizione di fronteggiare, confrontare e condividere percezioni diverse del mondo e della realtà che esso ci propone.

Siamo sempre più affamati di creatività e auto-espressione, cacciatori di collegamenti superficiali che si chiudono in se stessi, in cerchi concentrici non comunicanti. Il ruolo dell'informazione risulta così radicalmente mutata. In tutti i sistemi viventi l'informazione genera il cambiamento e questo fa la differenza. Oggi invece non ha la forza ne' la capacità di far mutare idea, opinione, modello. Insomma non riesce a generare mutamento. Serve soltanto per attaccare l'altro, chi non la pensa come te. Quando, allora, ci si limita a contrapporre le informazioni, quando ci limitiamo soltanto a difendere le nostre opinioni, ma non convergiamo su una decisione comune, il mondo diventa imprevedibile e cade sotto l'effetto del caso, l'effetto "random". Non sembra esserci un ordine, siamo in preda del caos. Se non lo siamo ancora, presto lo saremo.

Quando noi rinunciamo a pensare e a discriminare i modelli, gli eventi sembrano andare e venire senza un senso preciso. Siamo estremamente reattivi, senza una minima capacità di analisi. Il mondo, invece, non accade a caso, non è caotico. È la nostra assenza di pensiero logico, coordinato e coerente, a farlo sembrare così. Prima che accadano tanti disastri sia naturali che umani ci sono stati diversi messaggi che non abbiamo saputo o voluto leggere. Abbiamo trasformato il mondo in un mostro imprevedibile perché abbiamo preferito non leggere i suoi messaggi in maniera intelligente. Chi reagisce d'istinto sotto l'effetto della paura sbaglia sempre.

L'unica maniera per difendersi da questa cultura della interruzione tecnologica e' quella di assumere il controllo. Se non è possibile fermare questa tecnologia possiamo però modificare il nostro comportamento. Recuperare le capacità di pensare, discernere facendo senso, e con senso di disciplina. Ancora una volta la sintesi e': C.A.C. - Connessione Accesso Controllo. Non potremo mai essere "everywhere", "dappertutto". C'è il rischio di essere da "nessuna parte" - "nowhere". Siamo destinati non solo ad appartenerci con la nostra individualità, ma anche ad appartenere ad una realtà che ci accompagnerà per tutta la nostra vita.
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Over two millennia ago, a Hebrew philosopher known anonymously as the Qoheleth offered this observation:

"[God] has made everything beautiful in its time. Also, he has put eternity into man’s heart yet so that he cannot find out what God has done from the beginning to the end" (Ecclesiastes 3:11 ESV).

You could consider Eliot’s Four Quartets his own wrestling on this ancient theme. Despite the Byrds’ zen-like refrain, the Qoheleth was troubled by this dark truth. We are creatures of time without the capacity to understand beginning and ending (let alone eternity!)

Eliot’s meditations are correspondingly dark. He begins, like the Qoheleth:

"Time present and time past
Are both perhaps in time future,
And time future contained in time show more past.
If all time is eternally present
All time is unredeemable" (“Burnt Norton” 1-5).

Time is a mystery. We can’t grasp it. We can’t somehow view it from the fixed point of a wheel—we can only participate in the dance that circuits around the “still point” (“Burnt Norton” 66).

Four Quartets are not something to be read lightly. They are incredibly dense and pregnant with meaning. This is language distilled to its essence.

For the Christian, these poems hold something extra. Eliot’s high-church Anglican worldview is infused in his writing. Consider these verses about the death of Christ:

"The dripping blood our only drink,
The bloody flesh our only food:
In spite of which we like to think
That we are sound, substantial flesh and blood—
Again, in spite of that, we call this Friday good" (“East Coker” 67-71).

Indeed, the incarnation of Christ is the only real solution to time. In Jesus, the eternal entered time. If we have a hope of grasping the mystery, it will be found in him.

More than Eliot’s day, ours is full of people “Distraction from distraction by distraction / Filled with fancies and empty of meaning” (“Burnt Norton” 101). It is a helpful antidote to slow down and meditate deeply on something. Aside from scripture, I can think of no better work of art than Eliot’s Four Quartets.
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With the remnants of the twentieth century still surrounding us, it may pay dividends, as the twenty-first century takes off, to take stock of these remnants and begin to make judgments. Newly ended centuries tend to leave detritus; this can create a hostile environment for artists who wish to sew new seeds and blaze new trails. Few seem to remember that when Wordsworth and Coleridge put out show more Lyrical Ballads (though the release and dissemination of this pivotal text spanned the end of the eighteenth and the beginning of the nineteenth century), it received hostile reviews and a good amount of indifference, as well. With hindsight, we realize that this was the text that almost single-handedly initiated British Romanticism. The early twentieth century was also inconclusive; William Butler Yeats was only beginning to receive the recognition that would lead to laurel, Walt Whitman’s poems were yet to receive the blessings of posterity, while a host of lesser lights congregated around minor poets or reveled in the just-dimming glow of Decadence and Aestheticism. What do we see around us in 2010? It is a poetry world stumbling for direction, still largely lost in the theoretical wilderness of post-modernism, which espouses, among other things, the notion that distinctions between high and low art are both superfluous and illusory, that high art is the imaginary creation of hegemonic white males, and that artists can safely toss history in the dustbin and create out of momentary impulses, that have a better chance of capturing authentic effects than the backwards/forwards time-warp effect that Modernists like Eliot and Pound thought efficacious.

I would like to argue, firstly, that the demarcations between high and low art need to be reinstated. My reasons for this are manifold, but the simplest is this: I do not believe that much English language poetry composed after 1943, the year that Eliot’s Four Quartets were released, deserves the title of high art. Before I explain why the twentieth century, post Four Quartets, was mostly a washout for English language poetry, let me explain what distinctions I believe subsist between high and low art. High art is defined by a sense of aesthetic balance; a host of factors must be present and accounted for; technical competence is a necessity, breadth of vision (so that any narrowness of focus is soon dissipated into fusions with larger wholes), narrative solidity (even when, as in Four Quartets, it is a loosely woven narrative, that makes frequent subtle shifts in different directions), and, most importantly, continued serious engagement with serious themes. If this harkens back to Matthew Arnold’s emphasis on truth and seriousness, and if this seems regressive, remember that, in poetry, the impulses of post-modernism have all but flushed these constituent elements. Low art impulses often maintain a stance that technical competence is unnecessary, that breadth of vision is too ambitious, that narrative solidity is a remnant of the nineteenth century (and, to the extent that Yeats and Eliot, the only two twentieth century high art poets in the English language, had strong nineteenth century affiliations, this may be the case), and that “seriousness” is an outdated and outmoded concern. So that, the notions of high art and low art have been both displaced and misplaced, with disastrous results. We are surrounded by detritus that attempts too much with too little; that encompasses not worlds but narrow grooves; that shies away from responsible, serious engagements, or courts these engagements with such brow-beating incompetence that the matters were better left alone; and that uses sly evasions to explain its own horrendous deficits.

Back to T.S. Eliot; what is it that makes Four Quartets high art, and almost everything that followed in the twentieth century dross? Four Quartets, however sententiously, starts from a high ground; the artist is coming to grips with the limitations of living in space and time. Eliot flattens space and time out in the context of an investigation of four places, each with its own peculiar resonances, which birth separate and discrete impulses in the poet, resulting in slight shifts in perspective and emphasis. Four Quartets is useful, also, because it demonstrates the loosest narrative emphasis possible in a poem that attempts to achieve and maintain the durability and permanence traces of high art. Narrative is the backbone of serious poetry; Four Quartets has an “I” that dictates terms, but in such a way that “I” is not an obtrusive presence. If there is an imbalance in Four Quartets, it is or may be a sense of oscillating perspectives that leads to a less than unitary presentation, or a loose sense of coherence that sometimes meanders away from central points. However, there is a sense that this is redeemed by a spirit of inquiry that balances philosophical concerns with concrete details, fragments of colloquial speech with natural imagery, traces of humanity’s past with visions of possible human futures. That Four Quartets spans all this ground does not, in and of itself, make it high art; but that Eliot’s language is taut, sinewy, disciplined, and rich makes the whole of Four Quartets ring as a solid, major work of high literary art. If another such work exists that was released between 1943 and 2000, I haven’t seen it.

The Objectivists, the Beats, the New York School (first and second generation), the Confessional poets— what do these poets lack, so that the appellation high art does not affix to their work, nor the appellation high artist affix to them? For many of these poets, it is the ragged lack of discipline in the language of their poems themselves. Trying to read Beat poetry is like trying to eat raw slabs of uncooked red meat. Thematically, the Beats might have been redeemed by an egalitarianism that harkened back to Whitman; formally, they were creators of tremendous Babels that are even now beginning to collapse. The Objectivists did have ambitions consonant with the approach of high artists— but their panoramic viewpoints were undermined by impoverished lines that displayed little heft, music, and which demonstrate, rather than the rawness of uncooked red meat, an overwhelming brittle dryness. The New York School poets evinced significantly more delicacy, thematically and formally, than the Objectivists and the Beats; however, the primary perpetuators of New York School poetry tended to get lost in certain extremes: either language so steeped in colloquialisms that it lost its sense of itself as art, or language so bent against narrative that it lost its sense altogether. Had the Confessional poets widened their scope, they might have gained a sense of consonance with poetry as a high art form—but the narrowness of their thematic scope precluded a sense of serious engagement with issues that transcended the personal. As such, they, along with the Objectivists, the Beats, and the New York School poets, fall squarely under the rubric that covers minor poetry and poets, when placed next to the scope and achievements of Eliot and Yeats. Other groups, like the San Francisco Renaissance poets and the Language poets, seem like a mélange and a mish-mash of these styles. Minor Modernists (Pound, Williams, Stevens, Stein) initiated many trends toward disjuncture and colloquialism; because the high art balance of Yeats and Eliot was (and remains) more rigorous and more difficult to achieve, it has inspired fewer immediate imitations.

High art balance, as such, depends on serious engagements with the history of poetry, and also with a sense of discernment. Though Eliot did dote upon some minor French poets, his knowledge of the history of major poetry artists, as expressed in his early essays, was complete and solid. It allowed him vantage points that set his sense of aesthetic equilibrium on a high level. Because he had the discerning impulse to separate wheat from chaff, he could accomplish the major feat of moving poetry forward in innovative ways while also conserving the best of poetry that had come before. Yeats’ engagement with history was no less complete; though he lacked the theoretical bent that defined Eliot, it would have been unthinkable for him not to know the Romantics, the Neo-Classical poets, the Metaphysical poets, Elizabethans, back to Dante, Chaucer, and beyond. Yeats also had a comprehensive knowledge of Irish mythology, which added an ancillary resource to his repertoire. Put simply: these are men that did their homework, on any number of levels. Because they maintained a sense of discipline and responsibility about their traces, moving forward meant taking history into account at each juncture. The idea that history is a flush, that the canon of English language poetry was largely created by and for white males and so has a built-in obsolescence, is pitifully shallow and ultimately pernicious. If this canon is not yet a fully multicultural canon, it is nonetheless an indispensable resource; it is the only true measure we have of how far our own arrows can sail out into the universe. Century XX encouraged poets, after 1943, to eschew the essential challenge presented by Eliot and Yeats; how to move forward and conserve at once. As the twenty-first opens, it is this dual impulse which again presents itself as our brightest hope to rise to the challenges presented by a rich, if increasingly distant, past.
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Adam Fieled, The Argotist Online
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T. S. Eliot is considered by many to be a literary genius and one of the most influential men of letters during the half-century after World War I. He was born on September 26, 1888, in St. Louis, Missouri. Eliot attended Harvard University, with time abroad pursuing graduate studies at the Sorbonne, Marburg, and Oxford. The outbreak of World War show more I prevented his return to the United States, and, persuaded by Ezra Pound to remain in England, he decided to settle there permanently. He published his influential early criticism, much of it written as occasional pieces for literary periodicals. He developed such doctrines as the "dissociation of sensibility" and the "objective correlative" and elaborated his views on wit and on the relation of tradition to the individual talent. Eliot by this time had left his early, derivative verse far behind and had begun to publish avant-garde poetry (including "The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock" (1915), which exploited fresh rhythms, abrupt juxtapositions, contemporary subject matter, and witty allusion. This period of creativity also resulted in another collection of verse (including "Gerontian") and culminated in The Waste Land, a masterpiece published in 1922 and produced partly during a period of psychological breakdown while married to his wife, Vivienne Haigh-Wood Eliot. In 1922, Eliot became a director of the Faber & Faber publishing house, and in 1927 he became a British citizen and joined the Church of England. Thereafter, his career underwent a change. With the publication of Ash Wednesday in 1930, his poetry became more overtly Christian. As editor of the influential literary magazine The Criterion, he turned his hand to social as well as literary criticism, with an increasingly conservative orientation. His religious poetry culminated in Four Quartets, published individually from 1936 onward and collectively in 1943. This work is often considered to be his greatest poetic achievement. Eliot also wrote poetry in a much lighter vein, such as Old Possum's Book of Practical Cats (1939), a collection that was used during the early 1980s as the basis for the musical, Cats. In addition to his contributions in poetry and criticism, Eliot is the pivotal verse dramatist of this century. He followed the lead of William Butler Yeats in attempting to revive metrical language in the theater. But, unlike Yeats, Eliot wanted a dramatic verse that would be self-effacing, capable of expressing the most prosaic passages in a play, and an insistent, undetected presence capable of elevating itself at a moment's notice. His progression from the pageant The Rock (1934) and Murder in the Cathedral (1935), written for the Canterbury Festival, through The Family Reunion (1939) and The Cocktail Party (1949), a West End hit, was thus a matter of neutralizing obvious poetic effects and bringing prose passages into the flow of verse. Recent critics have seen Eliot as a divided figure, covertly attracted to the very elements (romanticism, personality, heresy) he overtly condemned. His early attacks on romantic poets, for example, often reveal him as a romantic against the grain. The same divisions carry over into his verse, where violence struggles against restraint, emotion against order, and imagination against ironic detachment. This Eliot is more human and more attractive to contemporary taste. During his lifetime, Eliot received many honors and awards, including the Nobel Prize for literature in 1948. (Bowker Author Biography) show less

Some Editions

Crow, Eleanor (Cover designer)
Gaos, Vicente (Translator)
Matthiessen, F. O. (Introduction)
Svintila, Vladimir (Translator)

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Common Knowledge

Canonical title*
Quattro quartetti
Original title
Four Quartets
Original publication date
1943
Important places
Burnt Norton, Chipping Campden, Gloucestershire, England, UK; Chipping Campden, Gloucestershire, England, UK; Gloucestershire, England, UK; East Coker, Yeovil, Somerset, England, UK; Somerset, England, UK; Cape Ann, Massachusetts, USA (show all 9); Little Gidding, Huntingdon, Cambridgeshire, England, UK; Huntingdon, Cambridgeshire, England, UK; Cambridgeshire, England, UK
Epigraph
του λογου δ'εοντος ξυνου ζϖουσιν οι πολλοι ϖς ιδιαν εχοντες φρονησιν.

1. p. 77. Fr. 2.

οδος ανϖ κατϖ μια και ϖυτη.

1... (show all). p. 89 Fr. 60.

Diels: Die Fragmente der Vorsokratiker (Herakleitos).
First words
Time present and time past
Are both perhaps present in time future
And time future contained in time past.
Quotations
For last year's words belong to last year's language
And next year's words await another voice.
Last words
(Click to show. Warning: May contain spoilers.)And all shall be well and

All manner of things shall be well

When the tongues of flame are in-folded

Into the crowned knot of fire

And the fire and the rose are one.
Blurbers
Ransom, John Crowe
Original language
English
*Some information comes from Common Knowledge in other languages. Click "Edit" for more information.

Classifications

Genres
Poetry, Fiction and Literature
DDC/MDS
821.912Literature & rhetoricEnglish & Old English literaturesEnglish Poetry1900-1900-19991900-1945
LCC
PS3509 .L43 .F6Language and LiteratureAmerican literatureAmerican literatureIndividual authors1900-1960
BISAC

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ASINs
60