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Publisher description: After the Civil War the president and the Congress had a unique opportunity to restore the Union on the egalitarian principles of the American Revolution. But from the beginning there was little agreement on how to bind up the nation's wounds and insure the rights of blacks after emancipation. Underlying the dispute was the struggle within the Republican party that pitted Charles Sumner and Thaddeus Stevens against their less radical Republican colleagues. By the end of the war, most Republicans endorsed black suffrage but Johnson's refusal to require it of southerners and the defeat of equal-suffrage proposals in several northern states led nonradicals to retreat from their advanced position. This new study of the struggle behind the development of the Republican Reconstruction policy demonstrates that Republican conservatives and moderates, not radicals, shaped Reconstruction policy throughout the Johnson administration.