Hesiod

Hesiod's Theogony and Works and Days are interesting in the context of other classic works and provide an interesting understanding of the genealogy of the ancient Greek gods and the agrarian life of the time. This is a work of poetry translated into prose, and there are some issues. The first thing that struck me was the misogyny of Theogony. Women (pp. 20-21) were sent down by Zeus as a curse to men:

No fit partners for accursed Poverty, but only for Plenty... a bane for mortal men has

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high-thundering Zeus created women, conspirators in causing difficulty.

The misogyny doesn't stop there. In Works and Days, the mythological Pandora (echoing Eve in Genesis), releases evil upon the world (p. 39). Not by opening a "box" as Erasmus mistakenly conveyed, but by opening a clay storage jar (p. xiv). La Rochefoucauld's maxims often talk about love as an illness that is difficult to cure, no doubt echoing Hesiod (p. 21):

...the man who gets a good wife who is sound and sensible, spends his life with bad competing constantly against good; while the man who gets the awful kind lives with unrelenting pain in heart and spirit, and it is an ill without cure.

In Works and Days, Hesiod provides advice to living the agrarian life. Virgil seems to echo Hesiod in his Eclogues and Georgics. But Virgil is reflecting back on the simple life, whereas Hesiod reminds me of people offering advice on an internet bulletin board (p. 56):

I will show you the measure of the resounding sea - quite without instruction as I am either in seafaring or in ships; for as to ships, I have never yet sailed the broad sea...

Of course, in true bulletin board style, Hesiod goes on to instruct others in how and when to sail. This is an important historical work and well worth reading. But while there are instances of timeless proverbs (which have tended to reappear through history), I don't think I will be taking on too much of Hesiod's advice any time soon. show less

Hesiod has a reputation: chauvinist, misogynist, and an all-around Mr. Bitter grumpy pants. At least, this is easily what one takes away at face value from 'Works and Days'. The text leaves us, twenty-first century readers, to wonder to what degree the author represents the mainline, prevalent attitudes of his day, or to what extent he himself is an outlier. In many of Hesiod's exposes on the merit of hard work, efficiency, and the value of competition, it is not difficult to find many other show more frequencies of resonance.

In the Introduction to this translation, Dorothea Wender makes the argument that the Hesiod who wrote 'Works and Days' is an altogether different person than the writer of 'Theogony' -- a soaring poem about the creation of the gods and the ascendancy of Zeus. As a recreational reader of the classics, it is easy to accept her arguments given the difference between the texts, although there are many scholars who disagree and propose the same 'Hesiod' wrote both.

Authorship aside, the most compelling aspect of 'Theogony' and 'Works and Days' is, to me, the virtual, mental teleportation to ancient Greece. Thought to be contemporary with the Iliad and the Odyssey, the works of Hesiod (or 'Hesiods', as the case may be) are some of only a few literary threads we have from the 8th-7th century BCE Greek world. show less

Lendo agora, quando o gnomismo (a colocação didática em versos memorizáveis) não atinge, Trabalhos e Dias não é nem um bom poema, nem uma coleção de ditos sábios, e a exposição das eras do homem é passageira e só a antiguidade (700 a.c., mais ou menos) poderia explicar a fascinação que gerou o mito de Pandora (Epimeteu o vacilão aceitando um presente dos deuses, e que presente de Grego...) e a concepção da história como decadência (do ouro ao nosso ferro, com a era dos show more heróis no meio pra dar exemplo à esperança que ficou dentro da caixa).

Teogonia é bem mais empolgante, e dá para ver como serviu de modelo para o Silmarillion do Tolkien. Contém os mesmos problemas de lá. É uma grande "construção de mundo", esquemática, que monta um arcabouço, um roteiro geral, mas que deve ser completada com as histórias propriamente ditas e as especificações. De todo modo, é uma fascinante síntese, considerada a primeira cosmogonia mítica grega, e lista os principais personagens da mesma, bem como a sucessão política entre os deuses, do Céu ao Tempo a Zeus contra os Titãs. Histórias de pais que odeiam filhos, mães conspiradoras, parricídio e o infanticídio final de Metis, o não-nascido. show less

Hesiod is the first author I have addressed in my reading program on Ancient Greece. Along with Homer, he stands at the beginning of Greek literature, situated in the period of the 8th-7th centuries BCE, quite shortly after the Greeks had converted the Phoenician alphabet into their own script—remarkable indeed. Also remarkable: these are relatively extensive works, even preceding administrative, commercial, and substantive (political-philosophical, etc.) texts (while in the Near East, show more this was almost everywhere the other way around).
This book includes three works largely attributed to Hesiod. The Theogony is the most complex of the three, outlining the chaotic struggle between gods and demigods at the dawn of time. Works and Days feels more down-to-earth because it focuses on the human community and, among other things, provides guidelines for labor in the field. And only the beginning of the much shorter The Shield of Heracles is attributed to Hesiod. All are "didactic works," in the sense that the author doesn't so much tell a story (like Homer), but rather aims to educate the reader on a specific subject.
Hesiod is sometimes called "the first self-conscious author in Western Literature," because the work "Works and Days" is written in the first person and he also talks about himself in it. But that should be taken with a grain of salt. Just think of the Akkadian priestess Enheduana, almost a millennium and a half (!) earlier (see xxx ), although her authorship is also subject to some criticism.
A word of caution: these texts aren't always easy to read even in translation; some fragments remain obscure, which apparently lends itself to the most diverse interpretations. I read two English, one French, and one Dutch translation side by side, and repeatedly, they sometimes diverged considerably. This immediately indicates that one must be cautious when using these works as historical sources.
Compared to Homer, this seems to be the lesser work. That's deceptive: indeed, the Iliad and the Odyssey are infinitely more appealing for their literary quality. But Hesiod's works contain the beginnings of what would much later be considered classical Greek thought. I discuss this in more detail in my History account on Goodreads: https://www.goodreads.com/review/show/7778645497. show less