Julian Richards (1) (1951–)

The authors go into considerable detail describing the period 865-899 when the Viking Great Army made its winter quarters across East Anglia, Mercia, Wessex, and Northumbria during their campaigns to raid, occupy, conquer, and ultimately settle. A very compelling case is made for these 150 years approximately (789-937) having been the making of England. Mental detectorists have been instrumental in discovering locations where the Viking Great Army overwintered in England; hack silver, gaming show more pieces, coins from all over England, Europe, the Middle East, weights, and weigh scales were all left behind when the VGA moved on. The Viking search for gold and silver lead to a search for land to settle and how Viking entrepreneurs became merchants and traders creating a new nation when Anglo Saxon women took VGA men as husbands to create the English nation. The threat of the VGA made the kingdoms of Mercia and Wessex (under Alfred the Great) unite and create one people – the English and “to shape an English imagination.” Old English and Old Norse are mutually intelligible meaning Vikings and Anglo Saxons could likely understand each other with some practice. 20,000-35,000 Danish Viking immigrants arrived in the last 9th and early 10th centuries while isotope analysis of DNA Viking remains in England suggest Norway and its granitic bedrock were a source of settlers and allows researchers to identify and quantify migration back to the VGA. An excellent and engaging read. show less

An excellent brief guide to the current understanding of Stonehenge, copiously illustrated with maps, photographs and a few artistic reconstructions. As well as describing the process of construction of the monument over a period of about a thousand years, it also explains other monuments in the surrounding landscape and details the history of the archaeological exploration of the site, with changing understanding of when it was built.
I read this following my visit and it wonderfully show more supplemented the numerous information boards around the site and in the visitor centre. A highly recommended souvenir. show less

“… three phases over a huge time span (about 15 centuries) between approximately 2,950 and 1,600BC.”
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Purchased in small museum near Avebury in June 2016