Speer: The Final Verdict

I read this book in Dutch which is not advisable, because of the unwieldy long sentences copied from German. Anyway the biography is vintage Fest, which means it is a psychological portrait that is thoroughly evidence-based, involving a wide variety of sources (written, but also personal interviews, Speer’s notes etc). It is probably the best of all biographies I have read of Speer (I read Gitta Sereny’s and one by Speer himself). And yet, it is a typical German product. Fest does not know how to deal with contradictory features in a personality. Whereas I see contradictory behaviour or opinions as proof we are dealing with a human being like you and me, Fest wishes to make a legalistic point about compromised morality, etc.

I think show more the best observations on Speer as a type have been made by Haffner, in 1944, when he wrote that Speer was the archetypical ‘technical manager’, devoid of empathy, goal-oriented, seemingly neutral and morally void or unaware. Haffner also ominously observes that the Hitlers, Himmlers and Mengele’s of this world can be found anywhere, but they will end up at the scrap heap of history. Speer, however, represents a type that will prevail and is most dangerous. I agree. It is the CEOs of our world that represent the real scum with Trump as the archetypical example. One final remark: some of the pictures included in the book, depicting Hitler and Speer on the Obersalzberg are absolutely unique and flabbergasting (one shows Hitler and Speer sitting at the extreme ends of a bench, obviously at loggerheads with each other). show less

Speer: The Final Verdict is a very good book. Joachim Fest (who died late in 2006) was one of the most acute observers and analysts of Nazi Germany and of Hitler in particular, and in this book he turned his talents to trying to understand the enigma that was Albert Speer: how did an urbane, sophisticated, rational, educated, solidly middle-class individual fall under the sway of Adolf Hitler and basically sell his soul in supporting the Nazi regime? If Hitler had any one "friend", it was Albert Speer. They spent a lot of time together dreaming and planning the architectural wonders the would redefine Germany, and particularly Berlin, to reflect the glory and power of the Third Reich; all this before Speer became a minister responsible show more for armament production and, at one point, virtual control of all economic production. Fest argues that this "strange and unique relationship" provides the key to understanding Speer's life.

"The unlimited opportunities Hitler offered him, the preferred position within his entourage combined with the ambition of a wooed vassal, blinded him to anything outside his own sphere. Human consideration was one casualty. Speer's indifference was reinforced by his admiration for the "mover of the world" as he call Hitler in one of his extravagant moods."

For Fest, Speer's most striking characteristic was a "lack of resolution, of knowing where he stood, and of passion. In a character such as his there was no room for principles." Speer insisted on the distinction between the political and private, or even the artistic spheres to which he felt he belonged; political events did not concern him; he was openly critical of Hitler's violent followers as opposed to those like himself who he thought were "more typical" of the other side of the regime, of those "whose idealism and devotion sustained Hitler". This "self-appeasement" may have served Speer well in balancing his life, but as Fest asks, "Where was the difference" between the two sides?

Fest has some good turns of phrase, for example, when he describes the "law of self-radicalization" that governed the regime and led it into increasingly extreme behaviour and actions. Also, Hitler's "psychology of embitterment" that made him refuse to establish a reserve position behind the eastern front at Stalingrad because he argued that the more hopeless the situation, the more stubbornly the forces would resist. This was further reflected in Hitler's belief that the loss of the war proved the unworthiness of the German people and his determination to utterly destroy the country through his own scorched-earth policy. This was Speer's greatest moment, and one where he did show adherence to strong principle, by dedicating himself to thwarting Hitler's objectives to the extent of ignoring and countermanding direct orders. The chaos of the closing weeks of the war, with Hitler hunkered down in his Berlin bunker, gave Speer some latitude, but many were shot in the last days of the war for much less serious disobedience, or even on the suspicion of being fainthearted. Fest describes all of this very well, as he does the constant political intrigues that characterized life at the centre of Hitler's world, and the ups and downs of the Speer-Hitler relationship (Speer spoke to Hitler at times in terms that no one else would have thought of doing, and if they had, they would surely have been shot). Speer worked miracles of organization as minister, but he could never win the argument about the need to put the economy on a total war footing. I was astonished to learn that despite amazing increases in munitions production under Speer's reorganization of industry, the figures were still well below those of the First World War and never reached those figures even by the end of the war!

Fest wrestles with the enigma of Speer and believed that many questions raised by Speer's life will never be resolved. He even argues that perhaps the dilemma of Speer's life, "lay in the multitude of his gifts. They were, in a sense, on call for anyone who laid claim to them, enabling Speer to perform the most diverse services, be they artistic, organizational, technical, administrative" and that this might also explain Speer's unusual ability to "live in paradoxes." Fest also sees a man who had a reputation for integrity because he was trustworthy, incorruptible and reliable, but for all that, he suffered from a "moral indifference" that made him an incomplete person.

Fest addresses two central, and related questions about Speer: was his assumption of guilt at Nuremburg an honest reflection of his feelings about the horrors of the regime of which he had been a key member and enabler, or was it calculated to avoid the rope, and what did he know about the fate of the Jews?

For Fest, "the weight of evidence about the extent of his knowledge of the crimes is indeed crushing", but it was only at Nuremburg that he was forced to face the unadorned reality of what had happened. Fest argues that, "it is surely too simple to claim that during the trial he had only paid lip-service" and had only been concerned with saving his neck.

Another positive for Speer is that for all the covert attempts at justification he undertook, the gaps in his memory and his self-delusions, he never actually tried to absolve the regime from blame. In fact Fest argues that, "the way he exposed the regime...his accounts of the degree to which everyone was out for his own advantage and of the incompetence in the leading circles, has possibly proved the most effective way of preventing any mythologizing, such as Hitler, Goring and Goebbels and other had hoped for even at the very end. That too should be taken into account when reviewing Speer's life." This stand also cost Speer some old friendships.

Fest also has some interesting thoughts on Speer as representative of a new type of man, "a man of the future–pragmatic, ambitious, without convictions." For Fest,

"No one personified more authentically the type of the stubbornly loyal, unthinking subject, dedicated to his personal ambition. By keeping aloof from politics and insisting on having done only what they saw as their ‘duty', Speer and the likes of him had made possible the establishment of the regime and the horrors it engendered."

For Fest, the true legacy of the Hitler years is that they killed the fundamental belief held since the Enlightenment that despite many checks and setbacks, the world was moving steadily toward more humane conditions. "The destructive will came from Hitler. But he would not have achieved any of his objectives without the helpers, of which Speer is but one example."

A detailed, sensitive, balanced book that addresses issues much deeper than just the life of one man. show less

Albert Speer, mémorialiste du IIIe Reich, un des rares survivants du premier cercle, longtemps favori du Führer, représente pour l'historien une énigme. Comment un homme cultivé, bourgeois, artiste, a-t-il pu tomber dans une si parfaite fascination pour le démagogue autrichien? Qu'est ce qui a permis au petit architecte de province de créér l'imposante Nouvelle Chancellerie, de devenir le concepteur de Germania, le Berlin nouveau et démesuré, puis l'organisateur de toute l'industrie de l'armement allemand durant plus de 3 ans? Qu'est ce qui sauva le proche d'Hitler à Nuremberg lorsque tant d'autres finirent à la potence? Comment lire ses Mémoires, seuls témoignages sous forme d'aveux qu'ait jamais produit un hiérarque show more nazi?

Toutes ces questions préoccupantes forment l'armature de l'ouvrage de Joachim Fest. Contrairement à ce que prétend la 4e de couverture, pour attirer le chaland, il ne s'agit pas là du procès de Speer, mais d'une réévaluation, par un historien expérimenté, de sa vie, de ses actes et de son existence pré et post-1945. Le prototype du technocrate sans âme que représente au final Speer, tel que décrit par Fest, finit d'ailleurs par être presque plus inquiétant aux yeux du lecteur que les criminels détraqués qui s'élevèrent avec la lie du NSDAP. Car il fallut d'incroyables circonstances pour élever Hitler... les Speer, et leur absence de sens moral, eux, sont légion.

Fest retrace fort bien le parcours de Speer : appendice indispensable (quoique parfois redondant) à tout lecteur de ses Mémoires. Pour ceux qui n'auraient pas encore lu "Au coeur du Troisième Reich", et qui seraient intéressés par l'itinéraire singulier de l'architecte, par le monde du IIIe Reich et par l'énigme finale que représente l'adhésion au national-socialisme, lisez cette excellente biographie, qui fait honneur à ce genre souvent décrié. show less

Het verschil tussen de keurig geklede en rustig sprekende, intelligente Speer en de andere lieden die Hitler om zich heen had, kon bijna niet groter zijn. De gemeenschappelijke interesse voor bouwprojecten bracht beide mannen tot elkaar en vormde de basis voor hun vriendschap. De architect maakte een ontwerp voor Germania, dat de hoofdstad van de wereld zou moeten worden. De onoverwinnelijkheid en grootsheid van Duitsland moest hieruit blijken.
Speer wordt in 1942 tot minister van bewapening benoemd en breidt zijn invloed uit ten koste van de naaste medewerkers van Hitler. Dankzij hem gaat de Duitse oorlogsindustrie weer bloeien, omdat hij zorgt voor vele dwangarbeiders en door zijn efficiëntie wordt de oorlog verlengd. Ondanks de show more grote bewondering voor Hitler verzet hij zich op het einde van de oorlog toch tegen de politiek van de verschroeide aarde, waarbij in gebied dat aan de vijand moet worden opgegeven, alle zaken van militaire of economische waarde vernietigd of weggehaald worden en vraagt om het Duitse volk te ontzien. Hij wordt op het proces in Neurenberg tot 20 jaar cel veroordeeld en niet geëxecuteerd, omdat hij met de geallieerden meewerkt en geheime kennis over het Derde rijk vrijgeeft. Hij wekt de indruk spijt te hebben, maar zegt niet schuldig te zijn, omdat specifieke kennis over de misdaden bij hem ontbrak. Na zijn vrijlating schrijft hij zijn memoires.
Speer, een ondoorgrondelijk mens. Volgens hemzelf was hij een kunstenaar en apolitiek. Wat wist hij van de nazi gruwelen ? We zullen het nooit precies weten, maar het is op zijn minst zeer twijfelachtig, dat één van de beste vrienden en een vertrouweling van Hitler niet op de hoogte zou zijn geweest van wat zich in de kampen afspeelde.
Na ‘Ik niet’ alweer een boek van Joachim Fest dat indruk op mij heeft gemaakt. show less

Geen van de nationaal-socialistische leiders is met zoveel raadselen omgeven als Albert Speer. Hij maakte een bliksemcarrière: geboren in 1905 was hij al op zijn dertigste hoofdbouwmeester van het Derde Rijk, bouwde de nieuwe Rijkskanselarij, was de geestelijk vader van de 'lichtkathedralen' en ontwikkelde het concept om Berlijn te veranderen in 4Wereledhoofdstad Germania'. In 1942 werd hij door Hitler benoemd tot minister van Bewapening, waarna hij in korte tijd de Duitse wapenproductie verveelvoudigde. Bij dit alles zag hij zichzelf verbazingwekkend genoeg als 'apolitiek' en werd hij door de kringen rond Hitler als buitenstaander beschouwd. Hij was een vat vol tegenstellingen: al vanaf 1943 beschouwde hij de oorlog als verloren, toch show more zette hij alles op alles om hem te kunnen voortzetten; Hitlers jodenhaat noemde hij 'dwaas', maar hij nam er geen aanstoot aan; overal zag hij corruptie en egoïsme bij de machthebbers, maar het liet hem, hongerig naar macht als hij was, betrekkelijk koud. En hoewel de samenzweerders van 20 juli 1944 zijn naam op hun lijstje van beoogde ministers hadden staan, noemde de Britse historicus Trevor-Roper hem 'de ware misdadiger van Nazi-Duitsland'
In deze biografie van Joachim Fest wordt geprobeerd om deze en talloze andere tegenstrijdigheden onder één noemer te brengen. Ondanks alle individuele trekken ziet hij Speer tegelijk als representant van de tijdsgeest en de kwetsbaarheid van een cultuur. De inzichten die deze biografie oplevert dragen ook bij aan het begrip van de breuk die in 1933 optrad onder de Duitsers en het land van zijn oude normen en tradities vervreemdde en tot barbarij en misdaden bracht. show less

Albert Speer faceva parte della ristretta cerchia di Hitler, forse l'unico collaboratore che per il dittatore provasse veri sentimenti di amicizia. Tuttavia l'architetto Speer era molto diverso dal tipico dirigente politico nazista: alto, elegante, l'espressione intelligente, idealista nelle enunciazioni di principio ma concreto ed efficace nell'azione, in quella compagnia sinistra e inquietante sembrava quasi un intruso. Sempre lontano dalle risse e dagli intrighi della Cancelleria, fu uno di quei tedeschi apolitici che accolsero con favore l'avvento di Hitler al potere, e poi non seppero dissociarsi dalla natura criminale del nazismo. Al processo di Norimberga evitò la condanna a morte grazie a un'accorta tattica difensiva"

ביוגרפיה מרתקת של אדם מרתק, ענק בארץ של גמדים שחלה גם הוא באמביציה ללא גבול שעוורה לחלוטין את כושר השיפוט המוסרי שלו