Theodore Schick

Yet another book about thinking to deacquisition for sloppy thinking. Ironic isn't it? I will use two examples. The author makes much of the idea that Babylonian astrologers did not survey people about personality traits to determine the efficacy of astrology. If he had actually studied the history of astrology he would have known that the current personality trait style of astrology was not what early astrologers did. They were more concerned with the fate of nations--predicting storms, show more quakes, floods, invasions and so forth, predicting events in the ruler's life that might affect the nation: will he have heirs, will he die in battle, etc. The contemporary emphasis on intangibles such as personality is a reaction to the rise of scientific criticism of astrology. Homeopathy is another subject that the author has apparently not bothered to inform himself about. I have read accounts of trials of homeopathic remedies that really ignore the basis of the treatment. Say--gather 10 people who have a common cold and give half of them THE homeopathic remedy for the common cold. There is no such thing. Anyone who has had more than one cold in their life knows that what we lump together as colds can run different courses. Some start with a sore throat, turn into a chest cough and gradually clear up. Some start with copious runny mucus, a red nose, post nasal drip, etc. For a homeopathic practitioner these are two different conditions that would require different remedies. And even two people with the same general symptoms might receive a different remedy depending on their food cravings, sleep patterns, psychological state or previous history of receiving remedies. Higher potency (more diluted) remedies are dismissed as having nothing of the original substance in them. Well, no one claims they do. Homeopathic theory says that the energy pattern of the original substance has been transferred and increased by agitation. Since modern science refuses to try to detect or measure the energy patterns this explanation is dismissed as nonsense. Dismissing a system because you don't understand its principles is like dismissing literature in a foreign language. I thoroughly approve of teaching people how to approach novel or mysterious claim; how to detect flaws in logic and arguements, but distorting the actual history and theory of claims you are testing is not the way to do it. show less

Perhaps logical arguments and rhetoric should be compulsory topics for sciences majors? (Or all STEM majors generally.)

I know; it's icky philosophy and doesn't have any nice, hard answers but it's worth it for the change in thinking it can provoke.

At the very least, you'll learn how to construct more persuasive arguments, which is not so important for research but very important in communicating it (or communicating why someone should give you a grant to do it).

You'll also learn about why show more people are stubborn in their beliefs, why some people hold mistaken beliefs (and these people aren’t necessarily 'stupid'; some of them are in STEM fields themselves, though usually not in ones that would counter their views) and that bombarding people with evidence is really not a very good way to argue. (It is a way to argue, but it's often ineffective.)

Rhetoric will also teach you how to argue and speak more persuasively - and, it will teach you how many of these charlatans and snake-oil sellers convince people to follow them. (Many are true believers in their claims, mind you.)

Given that people already in STEM fields probably don't have the time to pick up whole new degrees, I'd suggest looking into some entry-level books on the subject and work on it in your spare time like “How To Think About Weird Things” (Schick and Vaughn; I used the 2014 edition but there may be a newer one now) and “The Elements of Reasoning” (Munson, Conway and Black; there is a newer edition though). They're pretty good starting resources and they were surprisingly cheap for textbooks, though others may have other suggestions; see what your country's universities recommend.

At the very least, look into the backfire effect and other common issues with arguments and errors of reasoning. Look at what others have suggested to work with these issues. While we are one of the very few species we know of that can reason logically, that doesn't mean we're perfect at it; it's not necessarily an innate skill, and we can still make mistakes along the way. Constructing persuasive arguments is definitely not an innate skill; it's something that needs to be taught, and yet, so few people in fields where it is essential (or very, very useful) take the opportunity while it's available.

Of course, logical argument and rhetoric would be wasted on science deniers; their grasp of rhetoric & logic is even weaker than that of scientists. It would, however, be very useful when dealing with journalists, who routinely garble even the most basic, wikipedia-verifiable science. And don't even get me started on University press release writers. show less

I've often wondered how my life might have been different if I had been given a good course in critical thinking skills in high school or college. Had I been so fortunate, this book would have been the best text I could imagine for such a course.

A lot of the information covered here was familiar to me from other reading I've done in the last few years, but this book is by far the most comprehensive collection of all of the things one needs to know to effectively evaluate the ideas we are show more exposed to about the world around us and how it works. It covers everything from the basics of possibility and logic, what makes an argument good or bad, different ways of knowing and perceiving, cognitive biases that can skew our objectivity and the foundations of scientific thought processes. Interspersed within the more technical portions of the text are sidebars applying the principles at hand to various popular extraordinary claims such as instances of apparent ESP and things like the Amityville haunting.

This book is an actual textbook. Though the authors do a fairly good job of making it readable by using these sidebars and other interesting examples for much of what they cover, there are still a few sections that were rather on the dry side. Though this made parts of the book a bit of a slog, what I learned from it was more than valuable enough for me to keep going.

Among the sections that I personally found most useful were the discussions of how quirks in our perceptual systems can cause us to misinterpret what's happening around us, the problems with appealing to mystical experience as a way of knowing, and the discussion of just how damaging it can be to believe things on insufficient evidence. In a chapter called 'Case Studies in the Extraordinary,' the critical thinking processes outlined earlier are applied to the juicy topics of homeopathy, dowsing, UFO abductions, communicating with the dead, near-death experiences, ghosts and conspiracy theories. The authors are careful to refrain from saying definitively whether these things are or aren't real, but instead show the reader how to evaluate the evidence and come to their own conclusions about which ideas are genuinely worthy of consideration. Highly recommended for anyone who thinks. show less

A good reference for teachers or others worrying about the amount of magical thinking in our world. The author writes readably, and has some very interesting insights. The book is fairly loaded with great epigrams about critical thinking, and the chapters are well organized. There are some unfortunate problems: I nearly aborted early when the author totally blows the differentiation between inductive and deductive; such an important topic in logic and critical thinking should be handled with show more much more care. A truly good editor could have caught this, and prevented a major blunder. If you can get past that chapter, you will be rewarded for your patience. show less