Jim Dwyer (1) (1957–2020)

I read this in commemoration of the fifteenth anniversary of 9/11. This book was absolutely gut wrenching. It fact it was so emotionally draining that I had to put it down at times to take a breath and remind myself that I was not trapped in a smokey tower, almost two thousand feet off the ground with no means of escape. As I read it felt like I was traveling through the towers as I spent the last moments of people lives with them.

What I take away from this book was no matter how evil the show more terrorists were and how destructive their act, it was overcome with pure goodness in thousands of ways and by thousands of people. Frank DiMartini and his group were directly responsible for saving 70 people before ultimately losing his life. He could have left the tower with his wife but he kept going up to the impact zone in order to save whoever he could. Abe Zelmanowitz wouldn't leave his paraplegic friend Ed Beyea even though he could have evacuated and saved his own life. Orio Palmer, a firefighter who arrived at the South Tower, fixed an elevator to take him to the 41st floor sky lobby and from there ran up 37 flights of stairs to go into the impact zone. Once there he gave comfort to survivors and directed them to escape routes. Countless first responders who stayed with people they were helping to evacuate even when the news finally came that the towers were in danger of falling. An act of evil on a terrible day overcome with heroism and love, that is what I take away from 9/11. show less

"The gash in the north tower, the smoke belching from the building, the people falling from impossible heights, all showed that this was a crisis new to every eye that saw it." (pg. 79)

Reading 102 Minutes, you realize that the events of September 11, 2001, still have the power to shock you right to your core. The images are burned on our retinas but still, somehow, seem otherworldly. They just don't fit in the logical part of your brain. You can at least – charitably – understand why show more people reach for conspiracy theories: to try and comprehend the incomprehensible, however imperfectly. But 102 Minutes, drawing a detailed picture of that day, gives the lie to Illuminati/neo-con conspiracy theories. Yes, the experts thought the buildings couldn't fall, but the designers of the Titanic also thought that ship would be unsinkable. It still doesn't explain WTC7 or a number of other things, but cock-up is a better explanation than conspiracy. If facts have been obscured or redacted, it is less likely to be because of the lizard people and more likely because people with responsibility – and culpability – such as the port authorities, the fire regulators, the inefficient rescue departments, the intelligence services that missed warning signs, and so on – had reasons, however dishonest, for wanting to ensure facts didn't get out, lest revelations lead to, amongst other things, suits of corporate negligence and a casting as villain against the most wrathful American public since 1941. Particularly now, after sixteen years, it is important to resist the temptation to obscure because, sadly (and disgracefully), many people seem to have forgotten the sheer despicable outrage of it, or they have at least come to terms with it, letting it be buried by history.

The importance of books like 102 Minutes, compiled and written by Jim Dwyer and Kevin Flynn, is that it makes the incomprehensible at least in part comprehensible, not through the panacea lens of conspiracy theory, but by bringing the smaller, human stories to the fore. Adopting an approach similar to Walter Lord's stellar A Night to Remember, unfolding the Titanic disaster through the stories of individual people aboard, 102 Minutes reminds us that the events of 9/11, so horrifying in its big picture unfolding live on CNN, was also just as horrifying in its smaller scenes.

There are many little, tragic details documented. Not only acts of heroism and stoicism, such as the exhausted firefighters rushing up the staircases towards the hell, as frightened people rush down, or the faithful friend who refuses to abandon his disabled colleague, but the small, heart-breaking pivots that bring reprieve for some people and doom for others: the people who, running an errand or taking a chance meeting, find themselves above the impact when they should have been below, or below when they should have been above. The knowledge that the second plane hit square the offices of a company that had evacuated early and efficiently after the attack on the other tower, only for the workers to return having been told it was safe (pg. 93). The "thunderous percussive claps as bodies hit" (pg. 62), falling or jumping from the higher levels; a sound no-one reading this book is likely to have heard but can all too easily imagine. The fact that there was an open staircase connecting the upper floors of the south tower to the ones below the impact site, yet there was no way of communicating this fact to anyone (pg. 203). The same inexcusable communication problems which saw a large number of exhausted firefighters resting on the lower floors of the north tower, minutes from safety but not having heard the order to evacuate or learned that the tower was coming down (pg. 226). So many haunting images. There is scarcely an act of evil more incomprehensible than flying a jet full of screaming people into a building, killing thousands; scarcely any thought more sickening than that of bodies dropping around you; scarcely anything more heroic than the many acts Dwyer and Flynn document here: acts of heroism and courage and endurance that are truly humbling.

And you can't help thinking, when reading of catastrophic events in which ordinary people find themselves caught: what would you do? Or rather, what do you think you would do? It is unnerving to realize that there is no right answer. Common wisdom is that you don't be a hero, because if you are overwhelmed by fire you are a hindrance, just another body for the professional rescuers to carry out. At the same time, there were a number of people on the upper floors of the World Trade Center who would not have gotten out if they hadn't taken the initiative, and others who wouldn't have gotten out if De Martini and Ortiz – civilians, with no responsibility beyond their own hearts and consciences – had not gone around prising open doors and clearing pathways. One lesson from 9/11 – among many – is that heroism takes many forms, few of which are clear and many of which are contradictory, whilst evil is simple and easy and preys on those same contradictions and doubts in ordinary people, thriving on an environment of indecision, negligence and buck-passing, as well as a more lasting fearful tolerance or apology for extremist Islam – an undiscussed topic here. It reminds one of that old adage that one of the fundamental causes for trouble in the world is that the stupid are cocksure whilst the intelligent are full of doubt.

A key strength of 102 Minutes is that you get a feel for the life of the buildings. You come to understand their layout, their community, where the stairwells were and the elevator shafts. You come to appreciate why it was considered inconceivable that the towers might fall, and why firemen rushed to the upper floors as though they were fighting an ordinary high-rise fire. We look at it with 20-20 hindsight, but there were reasons people didn't get the hell out. 102 Minutes sees the World Trade Center attacks (note: the Pentagon attack and United 93 are not covered here) not only through the lens of the ordinary people involved but through the lens of emergency-management.

Consequently, we get a lot of (deserved) attention on the inadequacy of the fire code, the emergency planning, and the lack of communication or preparation between rescue departments. It is certainly damning that in a 9/11-style attack the much older Empire State Building would likely have evacuated its people more effectively. It simply had many more stairwells than the newer World Trade Center (pg. 109). Similarly, communication between police and fire departments would likely have saved the lives of hundreds of firefighters, not to mention many others. We get an appreciation of the pressure people were under and the mistakes made: "One plane crash. Sixteen minutes later, another plane crash. Twenty-five minutes later, word of a third plane approaching – untrue, but certainly not outside the freshly staked borders of the plausible. Then, about thirty minutes after that, the first building falls. Twenty-nine minutes later, it was over. It was as if a car going ninety miles per hour were making a ninety-degree turn every few minutes. Each moment brought fresh demands, fresh hell." (pg. 250). It was a fast-moving and ever-changing crisis, with features of inexplicable horror, and Dwyer and Flynn bring this across very well.

And yet, I find I am somewhat uneasy with the Titanic comparisons, with the painting of the attacks as the tragic negotiation of a high-rise fire. This is not only implicit – with the similarities to Walter Lord's A Night to Remember – but explicit: "At least 1,500 people in the trade center – and possibly many more – survived the initial crashes but died because they were unable to escape from their floors or elevators while the buildings stood. Those people were not killed by the planes alone any more than passengers on the Titanic were killed by the iceberg." (pg. xxiii).

Just as I feel it needs to be qualified that it was people hijacking and piloting planes, rather than 'planes', which caused the deaths (just as, in recent years, it is not so much 'trucks' or 'vehicles' that have 'killed nine' – or whatever number – in London and Nice and Berlin and Barcelona and…), I also feel I have to resist anything which diminishes the awareness that this was a deliberate, violent act by the sort of people who continue to plot more. With a focus on the inadequacy of the fire safety features of the towers and the inefficiency of the evacuation procedures, 102 Minutes risks making 9/11 seem like an unfortunate aberration rather than a deliberate act of mass murder on behalf of a hateful, foreign ideology. This is not intentional on the part of Dwyer and Flynn, for they have focused on the human stories – and done so impeccably – but it needs to be held in focus now more than ever.

Whilst useful for understanding the tragic element of the 9/11 story, the Titanic comparisons – or even referring to 9/11 as a 'disaster' rather than an 'attack – is dangerous. This may seem like splitting hairs, but it is an important point. I somewhat resist the Titanic analogy because whilst fire-safety negligence did contribute to a number of the deaths, the 9/11 attacks – unlike the Titanic – were deliberate. The building and safety planning never accounted – could never truly account – for a co-ordinated, merciless attack, of planes tipping their wings and deliberately targeting areas to cause the most structural damage, because the planners' minds could never be so depraved as those who seek to destroy rather than create. Maybe this approach made sense in 2005, when the book was written, and when it seemed as though the battles could – and would – be won, but now, sixteen years after 9/11, with the wars it spawned not only continuing but evidently lost, and with attacks continuing and advancing, it is imperative to remember just what the 9/11 attacks were, in their entirety. 102 Minutes helps with understanding this – as I hope I have made clear in this review – but it is increasingly important to remember what has become, by the passage of years, our history rather than our present.

I was young, just turned eleven years old, but I remember hearing the news and watching the news, and I am just old enough to remember some of how the world was before it: the norms of peace and security, when terror wasn't just something we were told to accept as 'part and parcel' of life in a big city. There are many coming of age now – soon to be of voting age – who were not even born when 9/11 happened. They will find it much easier to forget – or rather, ignore – the real inconvenient truths, because they have no personal recollection of a world without that constant threat of terror. They do not know what to fight for – a return to a relatively peaceful Western society – because that world, free of such despicable hate in our daily lives, is something unknown to them. 9/11 – and 102 Minutes – still has the power to shock and, more importantly, to motivate. As I was flipping through the book before I read it – as I often do with books, to idly size them up – I read a caption above a diagram on page 19, simply stating that the first plane tipped its wings to ensure maximum damage across a greater number of floors (as did the second plane). This one line alone filled me with anger. It reminds you that this was done by evil design, and there are many people – perhaps even a growing number of people – around the world who rejoice in such bloodshed. We have to remember, and decide what our response is to be, now that it is harder to hold onto the immediate revulsion and resolution that was felt. We're told, 'don't look back in anger', and the rage subsides, but so too does the impetus to do anything to remedy the problem. But those events still happened. Those bodies still hit the ground with a clap, however many years pass. At 8 a.m., their most pressing decision was how to have their coffee that morning, whether they would get to work on time. By 9 a.m. these people were beginning to debate which was better: to jump from the higher floors or to suffocate in the smoke or to burn alive in the jet fuel on the melting floors below. Many chose to jump. Some waited too long in their last decision: the flames caught up to them even as they jumped, so they burned alive as they were falling. At least one body hit a fireman crossing the plaza, killing him; one of the very good men sent to help them. Do you not still feel the outrage, the injustice of it? show less

There are so many chaotic moments about 9/11 that you struggle to comprehend as actual reality.
An officer stationed at a door whose duty was to watch for falling bodies and flaming debris and to tell civilians when it was okay to run to safety. A thousand firefighters sharing four radio channels, who did not hear the warning to get out when it was a surety that Tower 1 was going to come down. People who walked down 80+ flights of stairs only to reach a courtyard with blood dripping down the show more windows. An $11/hour rent-a-cop who stayed at his post on a skylobby, waiting for rescue workers to come retrieve all the bodies around him. A 911 dispatcher talking to a man trapped on the floor above the impact point describing the floor melting and the ceiling coming down. A worker at the Marriott who was talking with a coworker in the lobby and, in that instant, there was only swirling dust and his friend had disappeared.

All that data is overwhelming and I could not keep everyone distinctly in my mind. Was he the guy in stairwell A with his friend? Which tower was this again? I know that I could not do as well collecting the stories of thousands of individuals and collating dozens of them into one narrative picture, so it makes this a hard book to rate. But there is so much to learn about humanity in the chaos and there are lessons to take away from what didn't work out on that day. show less

102 minutes. Hard as that may be to believe, that's all the time that elapsed between the moment that Flight 11 struck the first Twin Tower and the instant that the second tower collapsed. I expect that all of us, at some time or another, have imagined ourselves trapped in one of those buildings and wondered what our struggle for survival would have required of us. We will never forget those horrible images of people falling or jumping from the upper floors of the Towers, nor the pictures show more and stories of the heroes who were everywhere that day.

At times I found 102 Minutes, by Jim Dwyer and Kevin Flynn, to be painful reading. The book took me much longer to finish than I anticipated because I could only read it for a few minutes at a time before having to put it down for something less depressing. In actual fact, I read the book over a period of several months, finally finishing it last night.

Through hundreds of survivor interviews and countless hours reading transcripts of telephone and radio conversations, the authors were able to recreate much of what happened in the Twin Towers on the morning of September 11, 2001. Much of what went on in the buildings was truly inspirational, with countless heroes to be found selflessly helping those too injured or physically impaired to get themselves down those dozens of flights of stairs that had to be negotiated if they were to survive.

But those 102 minutes were also filled with heartbreaking stories of the hundreds of people who were trapped in offices above the points of impact of the two crashes. Those people never had a chance of survival because their only exits to the lower floors, stairways and elevators, had already been destroyed. There was so much smoke, and the buildings so soon showed signs of being unstable, that roof top helicopter rescues were also impossible. Phone calls for help quickly changed to last messages to loved ones when the trapped realized that they were going to die.

Some of what Dwyer and Flynn learned while researching 102 Minutes will also anger the reader because, while it is true that some 12,000 of the almost 15,000 people in the buildings managed to escape, more should have gotten out alive than did. The combination of sheer chaos, poor communication systems, and building code exemptions taken over the years unnecessarily claimed hundreds of lives. Even after the first tower had collapsed, most fire fighters and policemen in the second tower had no idea that the first tower was gone or that the tower in which many of them were resting for a final attempt to reach its upper floors was in danger of an imminent collapse itself. Some 200 of them are believed to have died together that way when the second tower fell. And despite the communication problems exposed by the 1993 World Trade Center bombing, New York policemen and fire fighters still found it near impossible to communicate with each other, further limiting the chance that they and many of the tower office workers would survive the day.

But most disheartening of all is the fact that there were simply not enough stairways in either building to effectively evacuate the many thousands of people who worked in them each day. Real estate and office space is at a premium in New York and the Port Authority was able to get building code exemptions that allowed the Twin Towers to be constructed with fewer exits than they should have contained. Fewer stairways meant more office space to rent, and that's the trade off that was chosen. The fact that many of the existing stairway sections were so damaged or destroyed in the initial crashes meant that many of the survivors never had a chance.

While this is not an easy book to read, it has much to offer to those who manage it. There are many lessons to be learned from what happened on September 11, 2001 and 102 Minutes is a clear presentation of those lessons. Let's all hope that those in authority will be better prepared if something like this horror ever happens again.

Rated at: 4.0 show less