John Garth (1) (1966–)

Often dry but richly rewarding, John Garth's biography tells the story of J. R. R. Tolkien's war years, and how the experiences of those years influenced and developed his famous mythology. I must admit that I expected more dedicated discussion of specific war events and circumstances which impacted The Hobbit and The Lord of the Rings, but aside from a few examples given in Garth's Postscript – Tolkien's experience of the Battle of the Somme influencing the Dead Marshes being the most show more evocative – there was very little of this.

Instead, Garth traces Tolkien's development of his ideas, the world of Middle-earth he built on throughout his life and the stories and backstories he wrote before, and around, The Hobbit. The best of this backstory was later compiled into The Silmarillion, and the greatest strength of Garth's book is in analysing the true depth and literary ambition of Tolkien's ideas. When I read The Silmarillion a couple of years ago, I was struck by how Tolkien was creating a meta-myth in which his Middle-earth was our own world in an earlier cycle, with echoes that endured into our own world via language and legend. By knitting together our many disparate Western legends into a single origin, I remarked that Tolkien created arguably the most ambitious fictional contribution to Western mythology since Paradise Lost. Garth also makes the comparison to Milton's work (pg. 261), and to see him delve into this is very absorbing.

But where Garth really excels is in expanding the implications of Tolkien's ambition, Tolkien's achievement. Throughout most of the book, Garth is painstakingly delivering the narrative of how Tolkien developed his imagined world in response to the world at war around him, but towards the end he makes some rather bracing arguments that do the book great credit. Garth contrasts Tolkien's experiences of the war, and his literary creativity in response, to those of the more commonly-cited war artists: the disenchanted and demoralised poets who wrote of trenches and terror and held that the ideals that came before the war were a lie: "the old Lie", as Wilfred Owen put it. By writing his heroic myths, Garth argues that Tolkien expressed "aspects of the war experience neglected by his contemporaries", and his Middle-earth contradicts the orthodox view that "the Great War finished off the epic and heroic traditions [in literature] in any serious form" (pg. 287).

It's a compelling, refreshing, revisionist argument; recasting Tolkien from the fusty, aged, pipe-smoking Oxford don of popular memory into a genuine literary figure; a man who, when faced with the holocaust of the trenches, did not declare virtue and honour meaningless but instead sought to conserve – a true conservative – the values that came before and revitalise them in response. Nor is this sleight-of-hand; Garth makes his argument compellingly and lucidly, and his account of the first day of the Somme, when one of Tolkien's close friends was cut down (as were many thousands of others), is sickening in its brutal waste of life. Considering that there were surely many at the time who disagreed with the "disenchanted view of the war", which "stripped meaning from what many soldiers saw as the defining experience of their lives" (pg. 303), it is gratifying to see an argument made so completely that Tolkien was the literary figure par excellence for this perspective; one who sought not to discard or denounce as meaningless, but rebuild and revitalise – often in honour of the men who were lost. In one of the most affecting passages of the book, one of Tolkien's closest friends – who would soon die in the mud of the Somme – expresses his excitement at being sent one of Tolkien's poems, saying that the reason he fights and endures is so that people can still write and appreciate such fine art (pg. 117).

I picked up this book not because I am a big Lord of the Rings fan (though I am); instead, my interest was piqued by Tolkien's connection to my hometown of Salford. I bought the book at the Imperial War Museum North on Salford Quays, which also displays some of Tolkien's battlefield effects, including his service revolver. I had previously been ignorant of the connection; the battalion in which Tolkien served as a lieutenant was the Salford Pals, made up of hardy Northern men of "Eccles, Swinton and Salford" (pg. 68) and a few Oxford-bred officers like Tolkien. Garth makes the argument that Tolkien's experience of their courage and sacrifice not only inspired certain scenes from Middle-earth (such as how in 'The Fall of Gondolin', a battalion of "smiths and craftsmen" are "the first to meet the enemy onslaught" in a crucial battle and, in traumatic echoes of the Pals on the Somme, never "fared away from that field" (pg. 294)), but also steeled Tolkien's conviction, later expressed through the feats of the Hobbits, that it is the character of the smallfolk, not the great names, who decide the course of history in its most desperate moments. I would have been thrilled for such a crucial local connection to Tolkien's world when I was merely a fan of The Lord of the Rings as entertainment. To have such a connection when, as Garth demonstrates, Tolkien's achievement was an act of remarkable literary ambition done in preservation of the finest ideals, it proves to be a great honour. show less

I've been meaning to read John Garth's "Tolkien and the Great War" for ages now, but have never gotten around to it, so I picked up this work sort of as a way to ease in to that endeavor. As for this book, it's basically a gazetteer of all the places in real life, and literature, that Tolkien mentally assimilated in his effort to create a mythology that he considered worthy of England, and it's a very cool book; if only for all of Tolkien's own art that went into it. In the end, Garth show more concludes that Tolkien did better than create a mythos for one land, he created a mythos for all those who would wish to preserve the land, and a certain sort of basic humanity, from the depredations of modernity at its most corrosive. show less

This was recommended to me by Dave Llewellyn-Dodds, one of the small community of regular commenters on Brenton Dickieson’s blog, A Pilgrim in Narnia. It is an excellent and well written analysis of how Tolkien’s experiences just prior to, and during, the First World War, fed into his creative process. It does not try to claim that there is any direct allegory (as any serious fan of Tolkien knows, he hated allegory) but rather explores how his vision of Middle-Earth was deepened and show more expanded by his experiences of suffering and loss, and his encounters with new types of people. It definitely offers a new perspective on Tolkien’s legendarium, and will be an excellent complement to the film that is coming out soon, which also explores that period of his life.

This book will also make you realize what a senseless waste of lives the First World War was. Garth notes that A A Milne became a signaller because the chances of survival were higher. I can’t say I blame him. A similar (but less baldly stated) instinct underlay Tolkien’s choice of signalling as his contribution to the war effort. It’s chilling to think that Winnie-the-Pooh and The Lord of the Rings might not have existed if they had been killed. I also wonder what else Saki (H H Munro) and Wilfred Owen might have written, had they survived WW1. And what other geniuses were lost in that slaughter. Certainly Tolkien's friends Rob Q Gilson and Geoffrey Bache Smith. show less

J. R. R. Tolkien created the most detailed mythology of the twentieth century. But no mythology can exist in isolation; people won't understand it. It must have roots in human experience.

There are many books on Tolkien's sources, historical, folkloric, and philological. This book is rather different; it addresses a personal source: World War I. It also looks at his relationship with three other man of his age who called themselves the "TCBS." They were four bright literary men who set out to show more see the world in a new way (or, perhaps, revive an old way, but in any case, to shake things up).

And all four ended up as officers in World War I. Three served in the army; two were killed and Tolkien ended up the victim of disease.

This is the most detailed study of the TCBS and of Tolkien's war service now in print. It includes a careful attempt to show how Tolkien's early writings arose from the conditions of the time -- and looks at how these early influences led to his more mature writings. As such, it is perhaps of the greatest interest to the readers of The Silmarillion rather than The Lord of the Rings.

That the war was a great influence on Tolkien can hardly be denied. And this book brings that out. It is, perhaps, less successful at bringing out the full panorama of the war. Although it discusses the fates of Tolkien and his friends Gilson and Smith, there isn't much general perspective on the war, or even on the way the British army was organized, with the upper and middle classes supplying the officers and the lower classes the cannon fodder. And this matters, because the upper classes were by no means guaranteed to contain the brightest minds....

At the end, author Garth tries to sum it all up and show how the Great War influenced Tolkien's finished writings. Many will find this the most valuable part of the book. The rest, sadly, is neither fish nor fowl -- neither a "man in the trenches" view nor a full biography of Tolkien. Others have praised it highly, but I sometimes found myself lost. In the end, this is a piece of the puzzle of where Tolkien's writings came from. But the puzzle is much larger than this one piece. show less