Benedict Anderson (1936–2015)
Author of Imagined Communities: Reflections on the Origin and Spread of Nationalism
About the Author
Benedict Richard O'Gorman Anderson was born in Kunming, China on August 26, 1936. He received a degree in classics from Cambridge University in 1957 and a Ph.D. in government from Cornell University in 1967. He taught at Cornell University until his retirement, as an emeritus professor of show more international studies, in 2002. His best-known book, Imagined Communities: Reflections on the Origin and Spread of Nationalism, was first published in 1983. He died of heart failure on December 12, 2015 at the age of 79. (Bowker Author Biography) show less
Works by Benedict Anderson
Imagined Communities: Reflections on the Origin and Spread of Nationalism (1983) — Author — 3,936 copies, 33 reviews
A Preliminary Analysis of the October 1, 1965, Coup in Indonesia (Prepared in Jan. 1966) (1971) 11 copies
Why Counting Counts: A Study of Forms of Consciousness and Problems of Language in Noli Me Tangere and El Filibusterismo (2009) 7 copies
Associated Works
The Anthropology of Politics: A Reader in Ethnography, Theory, and Critique (2002) — Contributor — 38 copies
Tagged
Common Knowledge
- Canonical name
- Anderson, Benedict
- Legal name
- Anderson, Benedict Richard O'Gorman
- Birthdate
- 1936-08-26
- Date of death
- 2015-12-13
- Gender
- male
- Education
- University of Cambridge (BA|1957 ∙ Classics)
Cornell University (PhD|1967)
Eton College - Occupations
- political scientist
university professor - Organizations
- Cornell University
- Awards and honors
- Fellow, American Academy of Arts and Sciences (1994)
- Relationships
- Anderson, Perry (brother)
Anderson, Melanie (sister) - Cause of death
- heart failure
- Nationality
- Ireland
- Birthplace
- Kunming, Yunnan Province, China
- Places of residence
- China
California, USA
Ireland
Ithaca, New York, USA
Cambridge, England, UK - Place of death
- Batu, Indonesia
Members
Reviews
Though this book thinks it's about nationalism, and is certainly about that too, it is really about several overlapping ideas, some of which may not even have names. It is about self & other. It is about identification/idealization. It is about the power of giving something a name. It is about the exercising of power through control of the categories of thought.
Anderson introduces the concept of "nation" by distinguishing it from other human communities because people are willing to kill and show more die for it. Though people may bond over common professions or fandom of sports teams, their attachment rarely will rise to a kill-or-be-killed level, but I wonder about this distinction. If the Spartan (for example) weren't dying for a nation in its modern version, wasn't it the equivalent for its time? In fact, people have always been willing to die for causes. In the present day world, causes are often built-in features of the nation concept. It's "our freedom" they hate (or so goes the slogan). The idea that America (say) could so betray its own defining values as to no longer be America is an idea I've heard expressed more than once but the cognitive ability to be able to think in such an abstract way is unlikely to catch on. Instead, America is defined by its logo-map, it's shared culture and language, it's "dream" of classlessness which won't yield to the fact that it is easier to transcend your class origins in Germany, Japan or Canada. It is, in a word, "imagined." Having recently read Matt Taibbi's The Divide: American Injustice in the Age of the Wealth Gap , I'm aware that a great deal of my understanding of how America works is false but even after being informed, much of the myth feels real to me.
A nation is the most successful packaging of the collective self in a way that feels tangibly real. It incorporates as many sub-selves, e.g sports teams, celebrities, music, as can be squeezed in. This book explains how this has been done historically and gives the details of the forces working for and against the various possible shapes and characters of numerous "actual" nations.
It is written in a mostly jargon-free often literary style that makes it fun to read, though it sometimes becomes hard to follow in its specificity. The last chapter is a metachapter which follows how the book itself, nicknamed I.C., is translated and shaped to conform to the national needs of readers world wide. show less
Anderson introduces the concept of "nation" by distinguishing it from other human communities because people are willing to kill and show more die for it. Though people may bond over common professions or fandom of sports teams, their attachment rarely will rise to a kill-or-be-killed level, but I wonder about this distinction. If the Spartan (for example) weren't dying for a nation in its modern version, wasn't it the equivalent for its time? In fact, people have always been willing to die for causes. In the present day world, causes are often built-in features of the nation concept. It's "our freedom" they hate (or so goes the slogan). The idea that America (say) could so betray its own defining values as to no longer be America is an idea I've heard expressed more than once but the cognitive ability to be able to think in such an abstract way is unlikely to catch on. Instead, America is defined by its logo-map, it's shared culture and language, it's "dream" of classlessness which won't yield to the fact that it is easier to transcend your class origins in Germany, Japan or Canada. It is, in a word, "imagined." Having recently read Matt Taibbi's The Divide: American Injustice in the Age of the Wealth Gap , I'm aware that a great deal of my understanding of how America works is false but even after being informed, much of the myth feels real to me.
A nation is the most successful packaging of the collective self in a way that feels tangibly real. It incorporates as many sub-selves, e.g sports teams, celebrities, music, as can be squeezed in. This book explains how this has been done historically and gives the details of the forces working for and against the various possible shapes and characters of numerous "actual" nations.
It is written in a mostly jargon-free often literary style that makes it fun to read, though it sometimes becomes hard to follow in its specificity. The last chapter is a metachapter which follows how the book itself, nicknamed I.C., is translated and shaped to conform to the national needs of readers world wide. show less
Imagined Communities is a transdisciplinary classic now read widely across the social sciences. Anderson's aim is to correct weaknesses in both liberal and Marxist approaches in political science to understand nationalism. This is a worthy goal, because nationalism is the water in which we swim, a mostly invisible field in which we enact Americanness, or Indonesianness, or any of the 195 countries that Google claim exists. Anderson's goal is to denaturalize the nation, to show it as show more particular kind of modern imaginary that only became possible towards the end of the 18th century, and only really omnipresent in the 20th.
Anderson's nations are sovereign limited communities, a specific kind of belonging such that everyone on Earth belongs to one, perhaps two nations. The nation is historically transcendent, France may fall, but La France is eternal. And despite this transcendence, the nation is also bounded by historical consciousnesses, with days of independence and founding citizens.
Anderson locates the origins of this style of thought in the late 18th century, and in the specific mode of thinking engendered by newspapers and novels that time is continuous series of causes and effects. All days are the same kind of thing, but each individual day is different. A sense of historical consciousness is required to separate the present from antiquity, while the rising class of bourgeois administrators and businessmen, who started the day reading newspapers, develop standardized beliefs based around the importance of metropolitan life in the capitol.
This shift of consciousness is one of the hardest things to write about. It's the primary topic that Foucault spent his career groping towards. It is also the least evidenced part of the book, as Anderson compares two classics of Filipino literature, the modern nationalistic Noli Me Tangere and the older Pinagdaanang Buhay ni Florante at ni Laura sa Cahariang Albania, a medieval fantasy epic poem set in Albania. The form of the novel, that events begin at a precise moment with an assumed past, that time can pass in detailed dialog or be elided in weeks depending on the needs of the plot, rather than the smeared out Now of pre-modernity is interesting, but difficult to prove.
A second area that Anderson covers is the relationship of the nation to the state. The state, defined as the administration of taxes, justice, warfare, infrastructure, education, and welfare, is far older than nations. A key issue for nationalism was the need for educated administrative officials in the colonies, but a firm bar on their advancement beyond their home region. From Spanish South America to French Indochina, frustrated educated youths served as key agents in nationalistic revolutions.
Anderson's book is fascinating, erudite--if cursed with a tendency to assume that the reader is also fluent in French, and useful for sweeping out the cobwebs of conventional wisdom. I can see why it became such a success, and is widely taught. Yet it reminds me of two other theoretical paradigms, Jasanoff's sociotechnical imaginaries (clearly borrowing from Anderson) and Winner's politics of artifacts, in that it is seductive but ultimate explains less than it conceals. And for a junior scholar, you are simply not good enough to deploy this paradigm in your own research. Anderson offers a potent theory, yet one that doesn't not go far enough to explain the potent lure of nationalism in the 20th and 21st century. If nations are imaginary communities, they are ones which millions of people have died to preserve. Few other imaginations have that potency, only religion comes close, and if "imaginary" deconstructs the mythology that underlies a nation (George Washington, William Tell, anthems, the iconography of ruins, etc), it doesn't come close to explaining the vital relationship between the individual and that imaginary. show less
Anderson's nations are sovereign limited communities, a specific kind of belonging such that everyone on Earth belongs to one, perhaps two nations. The nation is historically transcendent, France may fall, but La France is eternal. And despite this transcendence, the nation is also bounded by historical consciousnesses, with days of independence and founding citizens.
Anderson locates the origins of this style of thought in the late 18th century, and in the specific mode of thinking engendered by newspapers and novels that time is continuous series of causes and effects. All days are the same kind of thing, but each individual day is different. A sense of historical consciousness is required to separate the present from antiquity, while the rising class of bourgeois administrators and businessmen, who started the day reading newspapers, develop standardized beliefs based around the importance of metropolitan life in the capitol.
This shift of consciousness is one of the hardest things to write about. It's the primary topic that Foucault spent his career groping towards. It is also the least evidenced part of the book, as Anderson compares two classics of Filipino literature, the modern nationalistic Noli Me Tangere and the older Pinagdaanang Buhay ni Florante at ni Laura sa Cahariang Albania, a medieval fantasy epic poem set in Albania. The form of the novel, that events begin at a precise moment with an assumed past, that time can pass in detailed dialog or be elided in weeks depending on the needs of the plot, rather than the smeared out Now of pre-modernity is interesting, but difficult to prove.
A second area that Anderson covers is the relationship of the nation to the state. The state, defined as the administration of taxes, justice, warfare, infrastructure, education, and welfare, is far older than nations. A key issue for nationalism was the need for educated administrative officials in the colonies, but a firm bar on their advancement beyond their home region. From Spanish South America to French Indochina, frustrated educated youths served as key agents in nationalistic revolutions.
Anderson's book is fascinating, erudite--if cursed with a tendency to assume that the reader is also fluent in French, and useful for sweeping out the cobwebs of conventional wisdom. I can see why it became such a success, and is widely taught. Yet it reminds me of two other theoretical paradigms, Jasanoff's sociotechnical imaginaries (clearly borrowing from Anderson) and Winner's politics of artifacts, in that it is seductive but ultimate explains less than it conceals. And for a junior scholar, you are simply not good enough to deploy this paradigm in your own research. Anderson offers a potent theory, yet one that doesn't not go far enough to explain the potent lure of nationalism in the 20th and 21st century. If nations are imaginary communities, they are ones which millions of people have died to preserve. Few other imaginations have that potency, only religion comes close, and if "imaginary" deconstructs the mythology that underlies a nation (George Washington, William Tell, anthems, the iconography of ruins, etc), it doesn't come close to explaining the vital relationship between the individual and that imaginary. show less
Anderson műve a nacionalizmuskutatás egyik alapszövege, igazi kultszakkönyv. Pedig hát ránézel, és milyen kis csoffadt (nevetséges 170 oldal!) – egy parázs vitában nem is lehetne vele agyoncsapni eszmei ellenfeleinket (ellentétben mondjuk a Bibliával, különös tekintettel a 13 kilós illusztrált-magyarázatos kiadásokra). És mégis: megérdemelten az. Anderson egyfelől áttekinti a nacionalizmus „gondolatának”* kialakulását, és ezen felül külön figyelmet show more fordít a kérdésre, hogy ugyan mi a fittyfenéért voltak hajlandóak emberek milliói a nacionalizmus hívó szavára odadobni életüket. (Hogy másokét odadobták, az még hagyján, az világos. De hogy a magukét?) Hisz végtére is a nemzet (ahogy Anderson definiálja**) pusztán egy elképzelt közösség – de miképp konkretizálódhat annyira egy mentális projekció, hogy ilyen erős kötődéseket váltson ki? Mindezt a puszta történelmi esszé keretein belül nehezen lehetne megválaszolni, de sebaj, mert e mű igazi tőrőlmetszett interdiszciplináris munka, ami segítségül hív számos egyéb tudományterületet is önmaga alátámasztására – többek között az irodalomtudományt is.
Anderson állításának kiindulópontja az, hogy az egyetemes vallások és a birodalmi gondolat lassú amortizálódása teremtette meg az űrt, ahol a nacionalizmus helyet talált magának. Élénken taglalja a középkori és a modern ember időfelfogásának különbségét, e különbség okait, a „hivatali nacionalizmus” kialakulását, a térkép, mint embléma jelentőségét abban, hogy a nemzet képe vizuálisan rögzülni tudott***, és még sok minden mást. Ugyanakkor tagadja, hogy a nacionalizmus az egyetemes vallásokból**** és a birodalmi gondolatból fejlődött volna ki (bár kétségtelenül egyes elemeiket magába építette), amit talán az is alátámaszt, hogy a hagyományos elképzelésekkel szemben nem Európában, hanem a birodalmak perifériáján, Amerikában jelent meg először.
E könyv tobzódik a (számomra) teljesen újszerű megközelítésekben, amiket gyakran metaforikus példákkal illusztrál***** – pont ez okozza az értékelés nehézségeit is, amit az egyre szaporodó lábjegyzetek is jeleznek. Ez ugyanis egy nyitott mű – nyitott abban az értelemben, hogy nem befejezett, lekerekített gondolatokkal dolgozik, hanem csupa olyasmivel, amit az olvasónak kézbe kell vennie, meg kell forgatnia, és (ha van rá kapacitása) tovább kell építenie. Aminek köszönhetően ha nem vigyáz az ember (és én talán nem vigyáztam eléggé), a puszta recenzió helyett könnyen beleragad valamelyik lenyűgöző levezetésbe, és ott marad, az értékelés pedig ezáltal a végtelenbe nyúlik. Ezt elkerülendő én sietve zárom is soraimat.
* Az idézőjel jelentőséggel bír – Anderson ugyanis leszögezi, hogy a nacionalizmus már csak azért sem tekinthető politikai irányzatnak, pláne filozófiának, mert eszmei tartalma meglehetősen sekélyes. Tele van feloldhatatlan belső ellentmondásokkal – nem véletlen, hogy ellentétben a konzervativizmussal, a szocializmussal vagy a liberalizmussal, egyetlen értékelhető gondolkodót sem tudott kitermelni. Ilyen értelemben a nacionalizmus inkább az olyasfajta hitekkel rokonítható, mint például a birodalmi dinasztiák azon meggyőződése, hogy őket Isten rendelte posztjukra.
** "Az antropológia szellemében tehát a nemzet következő meghatározását javaslom: elképzelt politikai közösség, melynek határait és szuverenitását egyaránt veleszületettnek képzelik el.
Elképzelt, mivel még a legkisebb nemzet tagjai sem ismerhetik meg a nemzet más tagjainak többségét, nem találkoznak velük, még csak nem is hallanak róluk, elméjükben mégis létezik annak képe, hogy egyazon közösséghez tartoznak. Renan erre az elképzelésre utal, amikor a maga bájosan kétszínű módján így fogalmaz: (…) ["A nemzet lényege pedig az, hogy minden egyénnek legyen számos közös dolga, valamint az, hogy jól el is felejtsék a dolgokat."]"
*** Érdemes elgondolkodni azon, milyen erős ragaszkodás alakul ki egy Nagymagyarország-matrica iránt akár olyanokban is, akik még a megyéjükből se tették ki a lábukat.
**** Közbevetőleges megjegyzés. Én eddig úgy voltam vele, hogy a kereszténység és a nacionalizmus (szerintem) meglehetősen kártékony összefonódását a kereszténység mutációjának tekintettem, amit a Biblia felől elég nehezen lehet megokolni. Most viszont épp ellenkezően látom: ezt a kapcsolatot ugyanis könnyebb a nacionalizmus felől értelmezni, amely nacionalizmus a kereszténységben találja meg magának azt az amúgy hiányzó legitimációt, amit annak több ezer éves múltja biztosít.
***** Egyik legkedvesebb levezetésem az ún. „nyomtatás-kapitalizmushoz” kapcsolódik: Anderson itt bemutatja, hogy a könyv, mint piaci termék úgy segítette elő a nacionalizmus kialakulását, hogy a gombamód szaporodó nyomdák kiadványai előbb betelítették a (vékony) latin nyelvű piacot, így aztán a kereskedők kénytelenek voltak új piaci szegmenseket keresni, amit a nemzeti nyelvek között találtak meg. Amivel egy füst alatt csökkentették a latin, mint egyetemes nyelv monopóliumát, és segítettek megerősíteni a nemzeti nyelvek státuszát is. show less
In this lively book, Benedict R. O'G Anderson explores the cultural and political contradictions that have arisen from two critical facts in Indonesian history―that while the Indonesian nation is young, the Indonesian state is ancient, originating in the early seventeenth-century Dutch conquests; and that contemporary politics are conducted in a new language, Bahasa Indonesia, by peoples (especially the Javanese) whose cultures are rooted in medieval times. Analyzing a spectrum of examples show more from classical poetry to public monuments and cartoons, Anderson deepens our understanding of the interaction between modern and traditional notions of power, the meditation of power by language, and the development of national consciousness.
This volume brings together eight of Anderson's most influential essays written over the past two decades. Most of the essays address aspects of Javanese political culture―from the early nineteenth century, when the Javanese did not yet have words for politics, colonialism, society, or class, through the early nationalism of the 1900s, to the era of independence after World War II, when deep internal tensions exploded into large-scale massacres. In the first group of essays Anderson considers how power was imagined in traditional Javanese society, and how these imaginings shaped Indonesia's modern politics. Other essays focus on the significance of the incongruences between the egalitarian, ironizing national language through which modern Indonesia has been imagined and the powerful influence of the hierarchical, authoritarian Javanese official culture. Finally, two essays on consciousness illuminate the crucial eras before and after the rise of Indonesia's nationalist movement. One reflects on Javanese intellectuals' phantasmagoric efforts to keep imagining "Java" as the island was overrun by colonial capitalism and absorbed into the huge, heterogeneous Netherlands East Indies; the second traces the transition from old culture to new nation through the autobiography of an eminent Javanese first-generation nationalist politician. show less
This volume brings together eight of Anderson's most influential essays written over the past two decades. Most of the essays address aspects of Javanese political culture―from the early nineteenth century, when the Javanese did not yet have words for politics, colonialism, society, or class, through the early nationalism of the 1900s, to the era of independence after World War II, when deep internal tensions exploded into large-scale massacres. In the first group of essays Anderson considers how power was imagined in traditional Javanese society, and how these imaginings shaped Indonesia's modern politics. Other essays focus on the significance of the incongruences between the egalitarian, ironizing national language through which modern Indonesia has been imagined and the powerful influence of the hierarchical, authoritarian Javanese official culture. Finally, two essays on consciousness illuminate the crucial eras before and after the rise of Indonesia's nationalist movement. One reflects on Javanese intellectuals' phantasmagoric efforts to keep imagining "Java" as the island was overrun by colonial capitalism and absorbed into the huge, heterogeneous Netherlands East Indies; the second traces the transition from old culture to new nation through the autobiography of an eminent Javanese first-generation nationalist politician. show less
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