City of Fortune: How Venice Ruled the Seas

by Roger Crowley

Mediterranean Epic Trilogy (3)

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Draws on firsthand accounts of pitched sea battles, skillful negotiations, and diplomatic maneuvers to offer a complete history of Venice's centuries-long reign as a naval power and maritime trading empire.

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Crowley az ismeretterjesztő könyvek szerzői közül abba a szűk csoportba tartozik, akiknek az újabb munkáit lelkesülten lehet várni, hogy aztán összemérve az elsővel, a csúcsok csúcsával, azt mondja az ember: hát, egy pöttyet kevésbé jó. De ettől még várjuk tovább lelkesülten az újabb munkáit.

A Kalmárköztársaság Velence históriája – de ne számítsunk lineáris aprómunkára, ami ától cettig végigveszi egy városállam történetét. Crowley három gócpontot emel ki: 1.) a negyedik keresztes háborút, amelyben Velence álnok módon elintézte, hogy a keresztesek a Szentföld helyett Zárában, aztán pedig Konstantinápolyban kössenek ki, és ha már ott vannak, a két szép szemükért (meg az show more aranydukátokért) Velence nagyobb dicsőségére prédálják is fel őket, ezzel megteremtve azt a hatalmi űrt, amibe aztán a kalmárköztársaság beslisszolhatott 2.) a velenceiek Genovával vívott váltakozó, de mindig kíméletlen csatározásait, amelyek végtére is lehetővé tették, hogy a városállam önmagát tekinthesse a Földközi-tenger urának 3.) az oszmánok megizmosodását, amely birodalom végül is bevitte a mélyütést szegény kereskedőknek, elindítva őket a lejtőn. A szerző szokásos stratégiája ebből jól kirajzolódik: Crowley ugyanis egy drámai gépezet felépítésében érdekelt, amiben a főszereplő (jelesül: Velence) sajátos tulajdonságokkal rendelkezik (demokratikus, pénzéhes, a globális kereskedelem fontosabb neki, mint az ideák, gondolkodásmódja világosan elkülönül tehát a korabeli európai zömtől*) – szinte már személynek, nem is városnak tekintjük őt. A drámai gépezet pedig úgy működik, hogy okot okozat követ**, és az események íve fontosabb, mint hogy minden adatot megjelenítsünk. És ebben lehet megragadni a kötet effektíve gyenge pontját: a szerző ugyanis felemelkedés és hanyatlás eposzi léptékű krónikáját alkotja meg az én legnagyobb örömömre, de ezen cél érdekében lefarag mindent, ami ezt az ívet elcsúfítaná. Ő Velence porba hullásának zárómomentumaként az 1500-as évek elejét jelöli meg, mert így kerek a sztori – hogy hetven évvel később volt egy Lepantó, ahol a velenceiek masszív résztvevői voltak a török flotta tönkrezúzásának, ebbe a freskóba már nem fér bele. Mint ahogy nem fér bele a könyvbe az sem, ami a szárazföldön történt – Crowley-t a mediterráneum érdekli, a tengeri csaták szerelmese, a talpasok csatározásai úgy fest, nem izgatják fel***. (Az már csak az én heppem, hogy érzésem szerint Crowley indokolatlanul használja a „nacionalizmus” szót a térség Velence-ellenes mozgalmaival kapcsolatban – de ebbe ne is menjünk bele.)

De elvenni nem akarom senkinek kedvét a könyvtől, mert még ezekkel a hibákkal is káprázatos olvasmány volt: lendületes történet a kapzsiság bűneiről, melyek végül elnyerik zsoldjukat. Csak a mérce magas. De addig jó, amíg nem kell lentebb rakni.

* Itt valóban tetten érhető némi párhuzam a Brit Birodalommal.
** Jellemző, hogy Konstantinápoly felprédálását is mintha úgy interpretálná Crowley, mint kozmikus bűnt, ami nem csak Velence felemelkedését tette lehetővé, de az oszmánokét is – akik aztán, jó háromszáz évvel később, el is hozták az ítéletet a múltbéli bűnökért.
*** Mondjuk erre a hiányosságra gyógyír, hogy a Park Kiadó (jó szokása szerint) ismét egy alapos tanulmányt illesztett a szöveg végére, nem kisebb történész, mint B. Szabó János tollából, aki szépen kiegészíti a kötetet a maga esszéjével a magyar-velencei konfliktusról.
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I visited Venice in midwinter many years ago now, and stepping around the multitudes of dead pigeons and machine gun-toting Carabinieri, I saw the grandeur of St Mark’s Square (and had the customary heart attack all tourists have upon discovering how expensive a coffee at the café there is), the Doge’s Palace and the Horses of St Mark’s, and wondered how Venice became the richest, biggest city in the world, and how it fell from grace. “City of Fortune” answers some of those questions.

Rather than a complete history of Venice from its founding in the ninth century to its defeat by Napoleon, Crowley decides to focus on some key moments, such as Venice’s role in the sack of Constantinople and the ongoing tussles with Genoa and show more the Ottoman Empire. These sections are incredibly vivid and showcases Crowley’s impressive writing abilities. What was odd though was what Crowley didn’t cover; for example he mentions in passing that Venice once controlled Cyprus, which I thought deserved coverage of at least a few pages, and while Crowley writes as if the Ottoman Empire would inevitably destroy Venice, he doesn’t mention Napoleon’s role at all. show less
Crowley opens with a vivid retelling of the Fourth Crusade (1203) that reads like a novel. Then for 300 years there are innumerable conflicts with the Genoese, Byzantines and Ottomans for control of the sea trade in the eastern Mediterranean. The Middle East was the gateway to India. Europeans with access to ships could build a sea empire moving goods from the Middle East to the European continent across the Mediterranean, where caravans from Germany would move goods further north. The Venetians perfected just on time delivery, regularity of delivery, abundance of choice. It was a kingdom found and ruled by entrepreneurs, where almighty profit sat above all else, except patron Saint Mark. The Venetians were a people of great solidarity show more who often died in horrific numbers, in Crowley's focus. Life on a ship was harsh. At some point the Venetians outsourced the hard work, a great divide emerged between and among the elites, and the ability to lead diminished. A lesson not lost in our own age.

Chronologically, this is the first Crowley book followed by 1453 and Empires of the Sea and finally the latest on Portugal. I read Empires first and was somewhat lost on background, which City fills in.
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I am really enjoying this history of Venice, starting in the late 13th century, through the 15th. The people, strategies and events are well told, in a manner that is not too dry or extensive. The last third does kind of string out, as the ending date is somewhat arbitrary, but this is still a fascinating history of Venice and well told.
I was a little concerned that City of Fortune, which was a history of the city of Venice between the 11th and 16th centuries, would not include history of the Aegean and Mediterranean seas. It was, after all, a civil history. But to my delight, it did.

The book’s focus was on the Stato di Mar, the "State of the Sea" that the Venetians used to control their empire, which was one of trade. Like many Italian cities of the Medieval period, Venice was a city-state, but its extended holdings were not on land but on sea… in ports, harbors and islands, and the trading communities of far-flung cities like Brussels, Alexandria, and Constantinople. Their knowledge of the sea and shipbuilding skills made this possible, and their often dangerous show more commerce with the Muslim and Greek Orthodox worlds enriched the city’s culture and design. For a while it was the richest city in Italy.

The Stato di Mar lasted only until the beginning of the 16th century, with the rise of the Ottoman Empire and the Portuguese discovery of trade routes to India which allowed them to hijack the spice trade. The author writes covers his material well and at times I thought I was reading a thrilling adventure novel. It was all fascinating stuff, and the maps included were a big help… except Negroponte, an important Venetian holding, was not labeled. I made it through five-sixths of the book without knowing where it was because the text did not tell me, and it was annoying. (It’s off the east coast of upper Greece.)

I still rate the book five stars, and I'll keep it for reference, because the political analysis of that time will come in very useful when plotting my own stories.
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This was certainly an interesting book. I found it to be very readable and engaging. It helped to provide a large overview of Venetian history, largely focusing on the period from the Fourth Crusade to around 1500. The focus was primarily on it's military and economic exploits. While there was some discussions of the city's culture and government, it would have been interesting to read more on this. Also, most of Venice's history prior to the Fourth Crusade is glossed over. Still, the book was interesting, and can serve more as an introductory book on this period of time.
½
Excellent and readable account of the rise and fall of Venice. I particularly liked the sections talking about the expeditions into the black sea and trade with the Mongols.

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Roger Crowley works in publishing in England

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Common Knowledge

Canonical title*
財富之城:威尼斯共和國的海洋霸權
Original title
City of Fortune: How Venice Ruled the Seas
Alternate titles
City of Fortune: How Venice Won and Lost a Naval Empire
Original publication date
2011
People/Characters
Mehmet the Conqueror; Enrico Dandolo
Important places
Venice, Veneto, Italy; Constantinople, Byzantine Empire; Alexandria, Egypt; Crete, Greece; Genoa, Liguria, Italy
Dedication
For Una
First words
Late in the evening of 9 April 1363, the poet and scholar Francesco Petrarch was writing to a friend.
Last words
(Click to show. Warning: May contain spoilers.)And although we were glad of our enlargement from that uneasy prison, yet because of the companionship which had grown up between us and the rowers and others, sadness mingled with our joy.
Original language*
Englisch
*Some information comes from Common Knowledge in other languages. Click "Edit" for more information.

Classifications

Genres
History, Nonfiction, General Nonfiction
DDC/MDS
945.31103History & geographyHistory of EuropeItalyVenetia
LCC
D677 .C76History of Europe, Asia, Africa and OceaniaHistory (General)World War I (1914-1918)
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