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Marguerite Yourcenar (1903–1987)

Author of Memoirs of Hadrian

108+ Works 14,523 Members 293 Reviews 59 Favorited
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About the Author

A French novelist, playwright, and essayist born in Belgium, Marguerite Yourcenar was a resident of the United States for many years, living in isolation on a small island off the coast of Maine. Educated at home by wealthy and cultured parents, she had a strong humanistic background, translating show more the ancient Greek poet Pindar and the poems of the modern Greek Constantine Cavafy. She has translated American Negro spirituals and works of Virginia Woolf (see Vol. 1) and Henry James (see Vol. 1). Her novels include Alexis (1929) and Coup de Grace (1939). A collection of poems, Fires, was published in 1936. Yourcenar is particularly known for Hadrian's Memoirs (1951), a philosophical meditation in the form of a fictional autobiography of the second-century Roman emperor. In Germaine Bree's judgment, "With great erudition and great psychological insight, Marguerite Yourcenar constructed a body of work that is a meditation on the destiny of mankind." In 1981, she became the first woman ever elected to the French Academy. (Bowker Author Biography) show less

Series

Works by Marguerite Yourcenar

Memoirs of Hadrian (1950) — Author — 3,360 copies, 81 reviews
The Abyss (1968) — Author — 1,950 copies, 35 reviews
Oriental Tales (1938) — Author — 710 copies, 9 reviews
Coup de Grâce (1939) — Author — 529 copies, 14 reviews
The Dark Brain of Piranesi: and Other Essays (1971) 497 copies, 13 reviews
Dear Departed: A Memoir (1974) — Author — 429 copies, 10 reviews
Alexis (1928) 419 copies, 17 reviews
Fires (1935) — Author — 363 copies, 2 reviews
Two Lives and a Dream (1982) 360 copies, 8 reviews
How Many Years (1977) — Author — 338 copies, 7 reviews
Mishima: A Vision of the Void (1986) — Author — 304 copies, 1 review
That Mighty Sculptor, Time (1983) 257 copies, 6 reviews
Alexis / Coup de Grâce (1929) — Author — 214 copies
Quoi? L'eternite (1988) — Author — 211 copies, 4 reviews
Anna Soror (1981) — Author — 149 copies, 1 review
A Blue Tale and Other Stories (1993) — Author — 142 copies, 1 review
En pèlerin et en étranger (1989) 114 copies, 2 reviews
Le tour de la prison (1991) 94 copies
How Wang-Fo Was Saved (1936) — Author — 76 copies, 3 reviews
Œuvres romanesques (1982) 73 copies, 1 review
La Couronne et la lyre (1979) — Editor; Translator — 49 copies
Un homme obscur (1985) 48 copies, 1 review
A Coin In Nine Hands (1934) — Author — 47 copies
Le Labyrinthe du monde (1974) — Author — 42 copies
Opere (1990) 34 copies, 1 review
Dreams and Destinies (1999) 25 copies
The Alms of Alcippe (1982) 24 copies, 1 review
Cuentos completos (2010) 20 copies
Poèmes (Blanche) (French Edition) (1958) — Author — 19 copies
Fleuve profond, sombre rivière - Les Négro spirituals (1874) — Author; Translator — 17 copies
Ensayos (Contemporánea) (2017) 14 copies
La voix des choses (1987) 14 copies
Scritto in un giardino (1992) 13 copies
Plays (PAJ Books) (1984) 13 copies
Une belle matinée (2003) 9 copies
Notre-Dame des hirondelles (1937) — Author — 6 copies
Tutto il teatro (1971) 6 copies
Le bris des routines (2009) 5 copies
Portrait d'une voix (2002) 5 copies
Sources, tome 2 (1999) 5 copies
Fædrene arv (1992) 3 copies
L'homme couvert de dieux (2012) 3 copies, 1 review
Blues et Gospels (1984) 3 copies
Croquis et griffonnis (2009) 3 copies
Carnet de notes d'Electre (2017) 2 copies
Le Jardin Des Chimeres (2013) 2 copies
Donar al Cèsar (1990) 2 copies
Los ojos azules pelo negro — Author — 1 copy
Emléklapok 1 copy
Memòries d'Adria (2023) 1 copy

Associated Works

Complete Poems (1961) — Translator, some editions — 1,787 copies, 26 reviews
Black Water: The Book of Fantastic Literature (1983) — Contributor — 556 copies, 10 reviews
Gita Govinda: Love Song of the Dark Lord (0012) — some editions — 226 copies, 3 reviews
The Penguin Book of International Gay Writing (1995) — Contributor — 204 copies, 3 reviews
The Vintage Book of International Lesbian Fiction (1999) — Contributor — 83 copies, 2 reviews
The Smiles of Rome: A Literary Companion for Readers and Travelers (2005) — Contributor — 67 copies, 2 reviews
The Grim Reader: Writings on Death, Dying, and Living On (1997) — Contributor — 65 copies
Found in Translation (2018) — Contributor, some editions — 62 copies
Erotica: racconti di amore e sesso al femminile (1992) — Author — 3 copies, 1 review

Tagged

20th century (195) Ancient Rome (109) autobiography (66) biography (190) classics (64) essay (64) essays (91) fiction (910) France (300) French (318) French fiction (123) French literature (816) Hadrian (89) historical (94) historical fiction (380) historical novel (219) history (210) literature (410) Marguerite Yourcenar (73) memoir (85) narrativa (148) novel (261) Novela (116) Roman (265) Roman Empire (90) Rome (146) short stories (82) to-read (547) translation (62) Yourcenar (94)

Common Knowledge

Canonical name
Yourcenar, Marguerite
Legal name
de Crayencour, Marguerite Antoinette Jeanne Marie Ghislaine Cleenewerck
Birthdate
1903-06-08
Date of death
1987-12-17
Gender
female
Education
Lycée de Nice (Baccalauréat)
Education paternelle et précepteurs
Occupations
novelist
essayist
poet
short story writer
playwright
Organizations
Académie française (1980)
American Academy of Arts and Letters (Literature, 1982)
Erasmus Prize (1983)
Awards and honors
Grand Prix de Littérature de l'Académie française (1977)
Relationships
Frick, Grace (lover)
Short biography
Marguerite Yourcenar nacque a Bruxelles nel 1903 e morì negli Stati Uniti nel 1987. Cresciuta nel nord della Francia e a Parigi, trascorse poi la maggior parte della sua vita all’estero, in Italia, Svizzera, Grecia e Stati Uniti. Eletta all’Académie Française nel 1981 (prima e unica donna), è stata autrice di raccolte di versi, poemi in prosa, racconti, lavori teatrali, saggi, traduzioni.
Cause of death
Naturelle (Vieillesse)
Nationality
France
Belgium
Birthplace
Brussels, Belgium
Places of residence
Brussels, Belgium (birth)
Mount Desert Island, Maine, USA
Northeast Harbor, Maine, USA (death)
Hartford, Connecticut, USA
Place of death
Bangor, Maine, USA
Burial location
Somesville, Maine, USA
Associated Place (for map)
Maine, USA

Members

Discussions

May 2026: Marguerite Yourcenar in Monthly Author Reads (May 26)
Group Read, June 2017: Memoirs of Hadrian in 1001 Books to read before you die (June 2017)

Reviews

327 reviews
As a historical memoir, this book has to contend with the perennial pitfalls of both historical fiction and memoir — respectively, overdosing on ostentatious period detail, and self-satisfied retrospective airbrushing. I think it overcomes the first of these quite well, especially given the paucity of biographical material Yourcenar has to work with. You do feel transported to that "happy period of more than fourscore years", as Gibbon called it, without getting tangled up in togas. show more Tromping around the Empire with its peripatetic head honcho, leaving a trail of new towns, monuments and public works in our wake, is fun. But Yourcenar's Hadrian strikes me as more French than Spanish in his disposition; he doesn't have much of a sense of humour and sometimes I found myself wishing he'd loosen up a little. Like many a memoirist, self-deprecation isn't his strong suit. His grief for Antinous is very moving, though (even if Antinous himself remains a cypher), and Hadrian's (and Yourcenar's) affection for this Halcyon era with its air of optimism, general religious tolerance, and comparative lack of senseless mass slaughter is palpable. I realize it isn't cool these days to blame, pace Gibbon, the Christians for the decline and fall, but fuck it, I still do. show less
Prior to this, I only knew there was a wall named after him. This was surprisingly dense reading, slowing me to non-fiction speed. It's abundant with historical detail and the wall is the least of it, but it's all presented in an almost incidental way that feels very natural. There's no explanations to benefit a modern reader, because the only intended audience is his adopted grandson. Hadrian shares his views on life and death by way of introduction, so we know something of this narrator show more even before we're walked through his history: his childhood and military experience, his eventual rise to power, and the philosophy of his rule. Yourcenar may have been overly generous in attributing his reasoning to values approaching twentieth century views (e.g. on women, slavery, elder abuse, etc.) But this modern tone does not permeate all: a man found responsible for the murder of four senators was then made a senator by Hadrian, just months later.

Hadrian presents himself as level-headed and empathic, virtually a perfect ruler. He confesses to too few weaknesses for me to feel he's being entirely honest. This may be Yourcenar opting for a sympathetic portrayal, but I revelled in the few nasty instances he admits to (blinding a servant, exiling a critic he didn't agree with, etc.) As he initially sees it, he is putting to rights the wrongs of tyrannical emperors past, and he has set Rome upon a course that ought to serve it well for centuries to come. Later he is humbled somewhat through grief and disappointment. He has opportunity to elevate the dead to godhood, in this era before Christianity gripped the western world, but it's a hollow power, as he acknowledges. In a few instances I found him too prescient, a means for Hadrian to compare his time with ours so that the author can tell us what we lost along with the Roman Empire.

This does not always feel like a true memoir. Hadrian is able to remember his youth from a youth's perspective and mindset, middle age from a middle age viewpoint, etc. rather than interpret all through the lens of his final years. These are minor points. It was convincing enough that I could forget this wasn't Hadrian's real voice from the distant past, still speaking to our present.
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Whoever recommended this to me: thank you and apologies for forgetting who you are. I found it absolutely beguiling. The emperor Hadrian looks back upon his life at its end, writing to explain himself and instruct his heir. Yourcenar evokes the Roman empire with seemingly effortless grace. Given the beauty of the translation, I wasn’t surprised to find it was done by her ‘great friend’ (possible partner?). The combination of luminous writing and philosophical insight is utterly show more irresistible. I read certain paragraphs several times to luxuriate in their exquisitely expressed insight - rare behaviour for a speed-reader like me. An example:

Rome, which I was first to venture to call ‘eternal’, would come to be more and more like the mother deities of the cults of Asia, bearer of youths and of harvests, sheltering at her breast both the lions and the hives of bees.
But anything made by man which aspires to eternity must adapt itself to the changing rhythm of nature’s great bodies, to accord with celestial time. Our Rome is no longer the village of the days of Evander, big with a future which has already partly passed by; the plundering Rome of the time of the Republic has performed its role; the mad capital of the first Caesars inclines now to greater sobriety; other Romes will come, whose forms I see but dimly, but whom I shall have helped to mould. When I was visiting ancient cities, sacred but wholly dead, I promised myself to save this Rome of mine from the petrification of a Thebes, a Babylon, or a Tyre. She would no longer be bound by her body of stone, but would compose for herself from the words State, citizenry, and republic a surer immortality.


It feels appropriate to review such sumptuous writing in a living room heavy with the scent of lilies. Hadrian’s narrative is grounded in sensuous detail, although it explores the abstractions of religious and philosophical thought. As an aging man, he is very aware of his body’s weaknesses and the approach of death. He contemplates his legacy with a magisterial air that could easily have descended into arrogance and pomposity in the hands of a lesser writer:

I have sometimes reproached myself for not having taken the precaution of engendering a son, to follow me. But such a vain regret rests on two hypotheses, equally doubtful: first, that a son necessarily continues us, and second, that the strange mixture of good and evil, that mass of minute and odd particularities which make up a person, deserves continuation. I have put my virtues to use as well as I could, and have profited from my vices likewise, but I have no special concern to bequeath myself to anyone. It is not by blood, anyhow, that man’s true continuity is established.


In an excellent afterword reflecting on the book’s composition, Yourcenar briefly recounts the decades of thought and research that went into the creation of such a vivid narrative voice. This novel is a truly amazing and profound work, not quite like anything I’ve read before.
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I loved [b:Memoirs of Hadrian|12172|Memoirs of Hadrian|Marguerite Yourcenar|https://i.gr-assets.com/images/S/compressed.photo.goodreads.com/books/1416448158l/12172._SX50_.jpg|1064574], so borrowed another Marguerite Yourcenar novel as soon as I spotted it in the library. Oddly, 'Zeno of Bruges' reminded me more of [b:Narcissus and Goldmund|5954|Narcissus and Goldmund|Hermann Hesse|https://i.gr-assets.com/images/S/compressed.photo.goodreads.com/books/1374680750l/5954._SY75_.jpg|955995] than show more [b:Memoirs of Hadrian|12172|Memoirs of Hadrian|Marguerite Yourcenar|https://i.gr-assets.com/images/S/compressed.photo.goodreads.com/books/1416448158l/12172._SX50_.jpg|1064574], although that might be because I read the former much more recently. It follows the life of Zeno, a doctor, alchemist, and intellectual whose wide-ranging curiosity makes him a dangerous heretic in 16th century Europe. Yourcenar is a magnificent writer and period is evoked brilliantly. The narrative is full of detail and texture, giving the feeling that mainland Europe is in the very early stages of a transition. According to [b:The Origin of Capitalism: A Longer View|185160|The Origin of Capitalism A Longer View|Ellen Meiksins Wood|https://i.gr-assets.com/images/S/compressed.photo.goodreads.com/books/1388987299l/185160._SX50_.jpg|178971], while this novel takes place capitalism was germinating in rural England. In his youth, Zeno takes an interest in the mechanisation of weaving. As he gets older, his focus shifts to medicine and philosophy. However, the structure of the book gives relatively little time to the prime of Zeno's life and his travels. The initial section covers his early years, the second his midlife working as a doctor in Bruges, and the third the end of his life. This made for a somewhat peculiar pace, as the narrative rushed through what I expected to be the most substantive part. It also gave most of the book a solemn and elegiac tone, as Zeno looked back on the past and contemplated death ahead. His consistent disgust at violence and cruelty are likewise powerful but relentlessly uncheerful to read.

Yourcenar's translated prose is glorious and full of striking images like this:

An object brought from Italy was hanging on the wall of the small antechamber, a Florentine mirror in a tortoise-shell frame, formed from a combination of some twenty little convex mirrors hexagonal in shape, like the cells of a beehive, and each mirror enclosed, in its turn, by a narrow border which had once been the shell of a living creature. Zeno looked at himself there in the gray light of a Parisian dawn. What he saw was twenty figures compressed and reduced by the laws of optics, twenty images of a man in a fur bonnet, of haggard and sallow complexion, with gleaming eyes which were themselves mirrors. This man in flight, enclosed within a world of his own, separated from others like himself who were also in flight in worlds parallel to his, recalled to him the hypothesis of the Greek Democritus, about an infinite series of identical universes in each of which lives and dies imprisoned a series of philosophers.

The fantasy evoked a bitter smile. The twenty little figures of the mirror smiled, too, each alone in his frame. He then saw them turn their heads half away and direct themselves toward the door.


An early chapter titled 'Death in Münster' includes a brief but extraordinary account of the Münster Anabaptist rebellion of 1534-5, which I came across in [b:The Pursuit of the Millennium: Revolutionary Millenarians and Mystical Anarchists of the Middle Ages|191131|The Pursuit of the Millennium Revolutionary Millenarians and Mystical Anarchists of the Middle Ages|Norman Cohn|https://i.gr-assets.com/images/S/compressed.photo.goodreads.com/books/1333509401l/191131._SY75_.jpg|755784]. It does not involve Zeno, however his mother Hilzonda takes part and is executed in the suppression of the uprising.

The small citadel of the Just, encircled by the Catholic troops, lived in a very fever of God. The spur to their courage was the open-air preaching held each evening. Bockhold, the favourite Saint, pleased them all with his sermons, for he knew how to season the gory images drawn from the Apocalypse with jokes from the actor's trade. Mingled with the shrill voices of the women, imploring air from their Father in Heaven, rose the groans of the sick and of those first wounded in the siege, who lay on these warm summer nights under the arcades of the square. Hilzonda was one of the most ardent among the worshippers: standing tall, elongated like a flame, the mother of Zeno would denounce the ignominies of Rome. Her eyes, filled with frightful visions, would cloud with tears; suddenly collapsing like a too slender taper and sinking to the ground, she would week in tender contrition, and in the desire to die.


Zeno is a very interesting character: a man seemingly out of step with his time, with many acquaintances but few close friends, both entranced by the world and jaded by how humans behave in it. I did not find his voice quite as compelling as Hadrian's, perhaps in part because he does not speak directly to the reader. Nonetheless, this is an involving historical novel to savour.
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Statistics

Works
108
Also by
12
Members
14,523
Popularity
#1,581
Rating
4.0
Reviews
293
ISBNs
816
Languages
33
Favorited
59

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