Elijah Wald
Author of Escaping the Delta: Robert Johnson and the Invention of the Blues
About the Author
Elijah Wald, is a Grammy Award-winning writer, teacher, and musician whose books include Escaping the Delta: Robert Johnson and the Invention of the Blues and How the Beatles Destroyed Rock 'n' Roll; An Alternative History of American Popular Music, and Dave Van Ronk's memoir, The Mayor of show more MacDougal Street. He lives in Cambridge, Massachusetts. show less
Image credit: Joe Mabel [CC BY-SA 2.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.0), CC BY-SA 3.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0) or GFDL (http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/fdl.html)], via Wikimedia Commons. Elijah Wald performing at Hillman City Collaboratory, Seattle, Washington July 30, 2016.
Works by Elijah Wald
How the Beatles Destroyed Rock 'n' Roll: An Alternative History of American Popular Music (2009) 270 copies, 7 reviews
Dylan Goes Electric! Newport, Seeger, Dylan, and the Night That Split the Sixties (2015) 243 copies, 12 reviews
Exploding the Gene Myth: How Genetic Information Is Produced and Manipulated by Scientists, Physicians, Employers, Insurance Companies, Educators, and Law Enforcers (1993) — Joint Author — 84 copies, 1 review
Associated Works
Tagged
Common Knowledge
- Birthdate
- 1959-03-24
- Gender
- male
- Relationships
- Wald, George (father)
Hubbard, Ruth (mother) - Nationality
- USA
- Associated Place (for map)
- USA
Members
Reviews
The latest work from music historian Elijah Wald explores the hidden side of Black American music from the early 20th century. If you think today's rap music, or even the songs of young pop stars, contains a lot of expletives, violence, and sexually suggestive lyrics, well this was also true of folk, ragtime, blues, and early jazz. Black musicians catered their material to their audiences which could vary from high class clubs for white people to late nights at the bordello when sex workers show more would enjoy tunes of same-sex attraction and satisfaction.
Central to the book is Jelly Roll Morton's 1938 recordings for Alan Lomax for the Library of Congress. The session serves as a prism of how white collectors even with the best of intentions had preconceived notions of what counted as the origins of blues and jazz (with a belief that music from the country was more "authentic") and how artists like Morton continue to cater to what his audience wants as well as some self-promotion of his own role in the history. Morton's music was out of style by 1938 but he was still young enough to consider the Library of Congress sessions an opportunity to advance his career.
This book is an eye-opening reexamination of popular music history. The songs Wald cites are raunchy, scatological, brutal, racially stereotyped, sexist, and sometimes just gross. That can serve as a content warning. But when the past is unsanitized it also opens insight into people of the past being not so different from ourselves.
Favorite Passages:
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Central to the book is Jelly Roll Morton's 1938 recordings for Alan Lomax for the Library of Congress. The session serves as a prism of how white collectors even with the best of intentions had preconceived notions of what counted as the origins of blues and jazz (with a belief that music from the country was more "authentic") and how artists like Morton continue to cater to what his audience wants as well as some self-promotion of his own role in the history. Morton's music was out of style by 1938 but he was still young enough to consider the Library of Congress sessions an opportunity to advance his career.
This book is an eye-opening reexamination of popular music history. The songs Wald cites are raunchy, scatological, brutal, racially stereotyped, sexist, and sometimes just gross. That can serve as a content warning. But when the past is unsanitized it also opens insight into people of the past being not so different from ourselves.
Favorite Passages:
"This book includes many quotations and lyrics that some readers will find offensive. I find some of them offensive myself. I was tempted to censor some passages, but in a book that criticizes other writers for censorship and examines the ways their viewpoints and prejudices affected their work, I have no business shielding myself." - p. xiv
"Unlike the songs of sailors, cowboys, soldiers, and men's clubs, which are often openly hostile to women, blues was typically performed in venues where women were present, often sung by women and with women as the most active and enthusiastic audience." - p. 20
"Those early blues were not songs in the sense that someone born in 1915 - someone like Alan Lomax - grew up thinking of a song. Before songs were regularly marketed on sheet music or records, they were often just a musical equivalent of stories.... if you ask someone the title of a story they just told, they will tend to be puzzled by the question..." - p. 29
"Nostalgic recollections of the 'gay nineties' and the era before Prohibition often include men harmonizing around a back-room piano, and for white, middle-class men, singing rough lyrics about Black barrelhouse life provided the same vicarious pleasure their great-grandsons would get from bumping gangsta rap." - p. 63
"This kind of segregation remains common in folkore studies and, as with other forms of segregation, the separation is not equal: studies of white culture in the United States have always included ragtime, blues, jazz, rock 'n' roll, and more recently rap as popular elements, but the fact that Black Americans danced square dances and waltzes and sang 'She'll Be Coming Round the Mountain' and 'Danny Boy' is generally treated as irrelevant to their culture - or, if relevant, as evidence that they were subject to Euro-American cultural hegemony rather than because Afro-American culture is as broad and omnivorous as any on earth." - p. 100
"So it is worth remembering that in cultural terms - in terms of the audience, the neighborhoods, and the attitudes of insiders and outsiders alike - a rap show in a Black neighborhood club is closer to a night at the Funky Butt than any jazz concert has been for almost a century, beset by the same stereotypes and dangers and the same appreciation of rough comedy and rhyming." - p. 142
"I'm telling these stories to give a sense of some people who were more central to the New Orleans sporting world than any musician but have been completely ignored by historians, and to present some women involved in sex work as notable individuals who exercised control over their lives and the people around them. If their environment was often exploitative and abusive, they were all the more celebrated for turning the tables on the exploiters and gaining a stature they could never have attained in the straight world." - p. 172
"Sexually explicit entertainment is often euphemistically called 'adult' but tends to be conspicuously adolescent, designed as much to assuage male fears as to satisfy male desires, and wildly unrealistic about female desires." - p. 201
"Folklorists in the early twentieth century were fascinated by the improvisational facility of Black singers. White ballad singers were celebrated for their ability to recall lyrics learned and preserved over generations; their performances inevitably varied, but most did their best to repeat what they had heard from previous singers, and the results were valued as historical artifacts. Some Black singers did the same, but others were noted for their ability to extemporize verses to even the most familiar ballads." - p. 228
"In hindsight many of us hear the Black murder ballads of the 1890s as an early form of blues, but to musicians of [Jelly Roll Morton's] generation those songs must have sounded as dated as the rock 'n' roll 'oldies' of the 1950s to young Black dancers in the age of James Brown and Aretha Franklin." - p. 263
"...in oral traditions, repeating something exactly does not mean producing a stenographic copy; it means accurately replicating the experience, which involves both more and less than the words." - p. 268
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This is a deeper and richer book than I had thought when I started it, and concerns the historiography of folk music and the many factors that limit it. For example, the author observes how early 20thC recordings limited songs to about 3 minutes, and so previously long and varied music - especially blues and jazz - was adapted to suit the new medium. Moreover, the first ethnographers of popular music in the 30s also tended to reflect the mores of their times, and often excluded songs that show more were deemed offensive or obscene. The same was true of music publishers and recording companies. The result was a highly filtered but little noticed revamping of folk genres in particular, and the popular music of a significant fraction of African Americans of the early 20thC. Wald carefully documents and reconstitutes a musical history that is barely known to modern blues enthusiasts. show less
Elijah Wald is one of my favorite music writers for his ability to break down commonly held beliefs about popular music and show the reality of musicians and their music in the context of their time. Dylan Goes Electric! does the same for the notorious moment at the 1965 Newport Folk Festival when Bob Dylan played amplified rock music, the crowd was outraged, and Pete Seeger tried to cut the cables to his amplifier with an ax. Pretty much everything told about that night is incorrect, or at show more least incomplete.Dylan's performance, significant as it was, could not provide enough material to fill an entire book. What this book is instead a history of the Folk Revival in the 1950s and 1960s with a focus on key figures like Pete Seeger and Woody Guthrie among others. Wald also traces the history of the Newport Folk Festival and how it grew and changed in the years from its origin in 1959 to 1965. Finally, Wald also details the early career of Bob Dylan, from his early influences in blues and R&B, to his quick rise to becoming a widely-renown folk musician, and his discomfort with fame and being the "voice of his generation."At the heart of all three stories - the Folk Revival, the Newport Folk Festival, and Bob Dylan - is a conflict between the ideas of authenticity and music for music's sake, and the lowbrow ideas of pop music and commercial success. Wald details that the Newport Folk Festival welcomed performances of electric blues and R&B bands while being uncomfortable the collegiate pop-style folk music of the Kingston Trio. And while the festival promoted workshops that presented the music of rural folk performers, it was the young, urban and pop-oriented folk musicians drew the largest crowds. As a result of the conflict over the meaning of folk music, new genres such as folk rock and singer/songwriter emerged.Bob Dylan's electric performance turns out not just to be a defining moment in Dylan's career but part of a bigger story within American folk music, and a conflict that in many ways continues to this day. The stories of what actually happened that night are so disjointed, because the meaning of what happened is different to many of the people involved (and those who hear about in later retellings). show less
This is a fast-paced history of the blues, with special attention to the not-very-sharp boundaries between the blues and other genres.
The book lives up to its billing — “a very short introduction.” But that’s no knock against it. I think it does exactly the job it’s meant to do — read it, and find out what paths you want to go down in greater depth with other resources. And Wald provides some great guidance in his “Further reading” suggestions at the end of the book.
All that show more said, there’s a lot of material here — roughly chronological accounts of three primary low branches on the tree (Piedmont, Texas, and Delta) and a good bit of discussion of how the blues relates, both historically and musically, with folk, gospel, country, jazz, R&B, rock, and even hip-hop music genres, as well as relatively brief mentions of its relationship to west African music and instruments.
Although Wald’s focus is on providing an introduction and a history, he also gives us a strong commentary on blues as a genre. He starts with some definitions — ones based on the feel of the music, the 12 bar-three line musical and lyrical pattern, and the interests of marketing. No definition is exact — blues can be happy not “blue” in feeling (think jump blues, for example), it can violate the 12 bar pattern (think John Lee Hooker), and marketing is marketing.
Wald never says it in so many words, but it’s pretty clear he thinks that marketing is the driving force in musical genre definition in general. And for the blues, especially, given its identification for so many years with “race music,” that’s especially poignant. Was Hank Williams a blues artist? Why not? Was Elvis? For that matter, is Buddy Guy a rock musician?
And there’s the pop influence. If blues reaches a popular audience, suddenly it seems to be R&B. Granted “rhythm and blues” encompasses “blues” but the marketing folks pulled some sort of twist there. And there are similar boundary-jumpings between blues and rock — Chuck Berry, Fats Domino, Johnny Winter, and Stevie Ray Vaughan.
These distinctions can’t be nailed down in strict musical terms. The marketers who sell the music have their say, and maybe they do speak the loudest.
One criterion I always fall back on in thinking about how valuable a book on music has been is whether or not I turn from the book and buy new music. After all, music is better listened to (or played) than read about. The first I bought after reading this was older recordings by Muddy Waters. I should have done that a long time ago, but Wald got me to scratch the itch.
Like I said, a good “very short introduction.” Once you’ve read this, you can go on, if you want, to fuller general histories, like Robert Palmer’s classic Deep Blues, or down more focused paths, including Wald’s own book on Robert Johnson, or many other sources in the “Further reading” list. I think Wald is a good guide, and, if you’re like me, you need one. show less
The book lives up to its billing — “a very short introduction.” But that’s no knock against it. I think it does exactly the job it’s meant to do — read it, and find out what paths you want to go down in greater depth with other resources. And Wald provides some great guidance in his “Further reading” suggestions at the end of the book.
All that show more said, there’s a lot of material here — roughly chronological accounts of three primary low branches on the tree (Piedmont, Texas, and Delta) and a good bit of discussion of how the blues relates, both historically and musically, with folk, gospel, country, jazz, R&B, rock, and even hip-hop music genres, as well as relatively brief mentions of its relationship to west African music and instruments.
Although Wald’s focus is on providing an introduction and a history, he also gives us a strong commentary on blues as a genre. He starts with some definitions — ones based on the feel of the music, the 12 bar-three line musical and lyrical pattern, and the interests of marketing. No definition is exact — blues can be happy not “blue” in feeling (think jump blues, for example), it can violate the 12 bar pattern (think John Lee Hooker), and marketing is marketing.
Wald never says it in so many words, but it’s pretty clear he thinks that marketing is the driving force in musical genre definition in general. And for the blues, especially, given its identification for so many years with “race music,” that’s especially poignant. Was Hank Williams a blues artist? Why not? Was Elvis? For that matter, is Buddy Guy a rock musician?
And there’s the pop influence. If blues reaches a popular audience, suddenly it seems to be R&B. Granted “rhythm and blues” encompasses “blues” but the marketing folks pulled some sort of twist there. And there are similar boundary-jumpings between blues and rock — Chuck Berry, Fats Domino, Johnny Winter, and Stevie Ray Vaughan.
These distinctions can’t be nailed down in strict musical terms. The marketers who sell the music have their say, and maybe they do speak the loudest.
One criterion I always fall back on in thinking about how valuable a book on music has been is whether or not I turn from the book and buy new music. After all, music is better listened to (or played) than read about. The first I bought after reading this was older recordings by Muddy Waters. I should have done that a long time ago, but Wald got me to scratch the itch.
Like I said, a good “very short introduction.” Once you’ve read this, you can go on, if you want, to fuller general histories, like Robert Palmer’s classic Deep Blues, or down more focused paths, including Wald’s own book on Robert Johnson, or many other sources in the “Further reading” list. I think Wald is a good guide, and, if you’re like me, you need one. show less
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