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John Rawls (1921–2002)

Author of A Theory of Justice

17+ Works 6,470 Members 45 Reviews 18 Favorited

About the Author

John Rawls, professor of philosophy at Harvard University, had published a number of articles on the concept of justice as fairness before the appearance of his magnum opus, A Theory of Justice (1971). While the articles had won for Rawls considerable prestige, the reception of his book thrust him show more into the front ranks of contemporary moral philosophy. Presenting a Kantian alternative to conventional utilitarianism and intuitionism, Rawls offers a theory of justice that is contractual and that rests on principles that he alleges would be accepted by free, rational persons in a state of nature, that is, of equality. The chorus of praise was loud and clear. Stuart Hampshire acclaimed the book as "the most substantial and interesting contribution to moral philosophy since the war."H. A. Bedau declared: "As a work of close and original scholarship in the service of the dominant moral and political ideology of our civilization, Rawls's treatise is simply without a rival." Rawls historically achieved two important things: (1) He articulated a coherent moral philosophy for the welfare state, and (2) he demonstrated that analytic philosophy was most capable of doing constructive work in moral philosophy. A Theory of Justice has become the most influential work in political, legal, and social philosophy by an American author in the twentieth century. (Bowker Author Biography) show less
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Works by John Rawls

Associated Works

The Methods of Ethics, 7th Edition (Hackett Classics) (1874) — Foreword, some editions — 285 copies, 2 reviews
Western Philosophy: An Anthology (1996) — Author, some editions — 217 copies, 1 review
Civil Disobedience: Theory and Practice (1969) — Contributor — 63 copies
Philosophy, Politics and Society: Second Series (1973) — Contributor — 36 copies, 1 review
Reading Ethics (Reading Philosophy) (2008) — Contributor — 12 copies

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Reviews

52 reviews
Warmed over social contract theory, neither innovative nor insightful yet highly over-rated because it told decision makers what they Wanted to hear, what they Already believed.

If you want a comforting assurance that the myths of American democracy are true and just and that all live in the best possible world,
well, don't be surprised if the facts bite you in the backside. Fentanyl heroin diabetes obesity heart disease declining life expectancy endless wars. I haven't even played the race show more card, the bad outcomes are significant even among the vast swathes of deindustrialized white murrica.

This book will ultimately prove entirely uninfluential due to failing to even recognize let alone address the real problems facing the USA and will as a consequence attract no or nearly no foreign support replication or emulation.

HIs ideas are full of good intentions, but are incorrect and thus inapt. A truly disappointing book. Yo ought to read it since everyone else will cite it with liberal praise (see what i did there?)
But it's wrong on the facts, which is what we can no longer Afford to be.
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Den knastertorra politisk-filosofiska prosan kändes som en frisk fläkt i dagens diskussionsklimat som handlar mindre om att förstå världen och diskutera vilka mål vi som samhälle vill uppnå och desto mer om att "äga" motståndaren.

Rawls bok är 1900-talets Bok inom den politiska filosofin, men utanför de humanistiska korridorerna på universiteten får jag för mig att han inte är speciellt känd. Rawls ryktbarhet bygger på två saker från boken. Det ena är hans metodologi och show more det andra hans slutsats.
När det gäller hans metodologi bygger han vidare på kontraktsteorin från Hobbes och framåt. Hobbes hävdade att människor i naturtillståndet levde liv som var "ensamt, fattigt, otrevligt, brutalt och kort" och för att undvika de ingick de ett kontrakt där personerna underordnade sig en härskare (Leviathan) som fick våldsmonopol och ingrep om någon bröt mot reglerna och därmed bringade ordning och säkerhet till samhället och dess medlemmar. Hobbes lär inte ha tänkt att något faktiskt kontraktskrivande någonsin skedde, utan han använder det som ett tankeexperiment. Rawls bygger vidare och fördjupar den idén. Han tänker sig en ursprungsposition där människor skulle vara bakom en slöja av okunnighet. De skulle inte veta vilket kön de var, ålder, vilken samhällsposition och så vidare. Utifrån antagandet att de alla är rationella egoister frågar sig Rawls vilka slags rättviseprinciper de skulle välja att samhället de sedan ska leva i ska styras av.
Slutsatsen Rawls når är att de bakom okunnighetens slöja skulle välja att ha politiska och medborgerliga rättigheter och att samhället ska vara ordnat på ett sådant sätt att de sämst ställda ska ha det så bra som möjligt. Ekonomisk ojämlikhet är alltså tillåten så länge det gynnar de sämst ställda.

Det finns mycket att ifrågasätta i boken och den är definitivt, som tidigare nämnts, knastertorr på sina ställen. Själv lutar jag mot utilitarismen, som är Rawls huvudmotståndare i boken. Men trots allt är det en mycket välskriven bok som introducerade ett nytt sätt att ta sig an rättvisefrågor och politisk filosofi.
Väl värd att läsa! Men om möjligt, börja med att läsa en introduktionsbok till (modern) politisk filosofi, så blir det enklare att förstå Rawls argumentation.
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The book has three sections: Theory, Institutions, Ends. Theory and Institutions deserve five stars, Ends 3 (or less, I want to be generous.)

Rawls' goal when he wrote the first edition (published in 1971) was to explicate a coherent alternative, based on social-contract theory, to the then-prevalent utilitarian understanding of justice. He must have succeeded--everyone seems now to nod a head in his direction when discussing justice whether they agree with him or not. Not being an academic I show more could be missing some water-cooler gossip that he failed utterly, but I don't think so.

In the first two sections he builds a theory and then some institutions implementing that theory based on a thought-experiment he calls "the original condition" (among other terms), which is an imaginary situation where a group of people who are going to live within a society make up the principles and then the institutions for the society without knowing what their role in the society will be and what their status relative to the others' will be.

That lack of knowledge he calls the "veil of ignorance" and although it's a fine tool for refining the theory without having to deal with the complexities of lived-life, it also gives notice that he is going to be concerned throughout only with disembodied theory with only an occaisional hand-wave to real situations, and that can get frustrating, fast. I suppose if you're a theorist keeping things tidy is more important than keeping things real, but most of us aren't theorists.

The last section, in which he tests his theory with respect to real world situations just falls apart for me. My marginal notes say things like "when you're being interviewed on Oprah", and "maybe in an alternative universe." It could be that the real life-experience of a tenured professor is enough different from my more (ahem) worldy experiences, but it seemed like he was describing situations in bizarro-world, not mine.

But still, after a careful reading of this seminal work, I have an increased confidance in my background understanding of the issues surrounding a theory of justice and am launching myself into some of the more recent treatises on the subject.
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Finished on flights from Mykonos to Heraklion.

The barbarian hordes don't care if you are logically consistent, Professor Rawls.

Presupposes too much to be useful in this reactionary century, so far. May it be a useful argument again.

Left in hotel lobby at Heraklion.

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Works
17
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Rating
3.9
Reviews
45
ISBNs
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Favorited
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