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Julio Cortázar (1914–1984)

Author of Hopscotch

409+ Works 22,016 Members 427 Reviews 145 Favorited

About the Author

Julio Cortazar is an Argentine poet, short story writer, and translator, whose pseudonym is Julio Denis. He was born in Brussels, Belgium, in 1914. In 1918, he moved with his parents to their native Argentina. He taught high school and later French literature at the University of Cuyo, resigning show more after participating in demonstrations against Argentine President Juan Peron. He worked for a Buenos Aires publishing company and also earned a degree as a translator. Cortazar is part of the "boom" of excellence in Latin American letters in the 1950s and 1960s. He combines fantastic plots with commonplace events and characters, and looks for new ways for literature to represent life. His first novel, The Winners, tells the story of passengers on a luxury liner who are restricted to a certain area of the ship and forbidden to communicate with the crew. He explores the ways passengers react. Hopscotch has a complex narrative structure with 165 chapters that can be read in at least two logical sequences to create variations. A Change of Light and Other Stories is a short story collection dealing with themes ranging from political oppression to fantasy. We Love Glenda So Much is about a fan club murder of their favorite actress whose films do not meet their standards. A Certain Lucas is comprised of three sections of short observations, discussing the nature of reality, the exploration of literary form, and search for new ways to view the world. (Bowker Author Biography) show less
Image credit: Courtesy Wikipedia; photo by Sara Facio.

Series

Works by Julio Cortázar

Hopscotch (1963) — Author — 6,004 copies, 109 reviews
Cronopios and Famas (1962) 1,691 copies, 35 reviews
Blow-up and Other Stories (1967) 1,545 copies, 19 reviews
Bestiary (1951) 927 copies, 14 reviews
All Fires the Fire (1966) 889 copies, 18 reviews
Las armas secretas (1959) 754 copies, 14 reviews
62: A Model Kit (1968) 684 copies, 10 reviews
The Winners (1960) 651 copies, 13 reviews
Cuentos Completos 1 (1994) 579 copies, 7 reviews
End of the Game (1956) 409 copies, 8 reviews
The Pursuer (1966) 377 copies, 6 reviews
Autonauts of the Cosmoroute (1982) 363 copies, 13 reviews
Around the Day in Eighty Worlds (1967) 348 copies, 8 reviews
A Manual for Manuel (1973) 347 copies, 9 reviews
We Love Glenda So Much (1980) 302 copies, 6 reviews
A Certain Lucas (1979) 291 copies, 6 reviews
Octaedro (1974) 235 copies, 5 reviews
La autopista del sur y otros cuentos (1993) 235 copies, 4 reviews
Literature class, Berkeley 1980 (1980) 223 copies, 2 reviews
Save Twilight: Selected Poems (1984) 194 copies, 3 reviews
Final Exam (1986) 184 copies, 1 review
Alguien que anda por ahí (1977) 176 copies, 10 reviews
Deshoras (1982) 173 copies, 1 review
We Love Glenda So Much and A Change of Light (1984) 141 copies, 2 reviews
Papeles inesperados (2009) 138 copies, 6 reviews
Diary of Andres Fava (1995) 112 copies, 2 reviews
Ultimo round (1969) 109 copies, 1 review
Nicaraguan Sketches (1984) 108 copies
Ceremonias (1982) 104 copies, 1 review
El perseguidor y otros relatos (1979) 100 copies, 4 reviews
La isla a mediodía y otros relatos (1971) 98 copies, 4 reviews
Cuentos Completos 3 (2004) 89 copies, 2 reviews
Los reyes (1949) 76 copies, 7 reviews
Obras completas, tomo 1 (1963) 72 copies, 2 reviews
Cuentos (1986) 70 copies, 3 reviews
Bestiary: Selected Stories (1998) 67 copies, 1 review
Divertimento (1986) 67 copies
Reunión y otros relatos (1983) 56 copies
Cuentos inolvidables según Julio Cortázar (2006) 53 copies, 3 reviews
I racconti (1974) 50 copies, 1 review
La otra orilla (2004) 44 copies, 1 review
Cortázar de la A a la Z (2014) 44 copies, 1 review
Las cartas del Boom (1900) 39 copies
Imagen de John Keats (1996) 38 copies, 1 review
Discurso del oso (2008) 37 copies, 1 review
Obras Completas I: Cuentos (2003) 36 copies
Einde van het spel (1984) 36 copies, 1 review
Julio Cortázar: obra crítica 3 (1994) 30 copies, 1 review
Obras Completas III. Novelas II (1901) 29 copies, 2 reviews
Het kwijlen van de duivel (1969) 23 copies
Cartas a los Jonquières (2010) 21 copies
Axolotl (2015) 20 copies, 4 reviews
La casilla de los Morelli (1981) 19 copies
House Taken Over [short story] (1946) 17 copies, 6 reviews
Prosa del observatorio (2017) 16 copies
Samlade noveller. 2 (2007) 16 copies
Continuity of Parks [short story] 15 copies, 5 reviews
O Discurso Do Urso (2009) 14 copies, 1 review
Poesía completa (2025) 14 copies, 1 review
Samlade noveller. 1 (2007) 14 copies
Territorios (1978) 14 copies, 1 review
Cartas de mamá (2012) 13 copies
Silvalandia (1977) 13 copies, 2 reviews
Gîtes (1968) 12 copies
Circe en andere verhalen (1971) 12 copies
Reunión (2007) 12 copies, 1 review
Cartas 5 1977-1984 (2012) 11 copies
Cartas 2 1955-1964 (2012) 11 copies
Correzione di bozze in Alta Provenza (2012) 9 copies, 2 reviews
Cartas 1964-1968 (2000) 9 copies, 1 review
Pameos y meopas (2017) 9 copies
Casa tomada (1994) 9 copies
Nouvelles, 1945-1982 (1993) — Author — 9 copies
Alto el Perú (1984) 9 copies
Antología (1978) 9 copies
Opowiadania (1996) 8 copies
Verzamelde verhalen (1995) 8 copies
Cartas 1969-1983 (2000) 7 copies, 1 review
Cartas 1937-1963 (2000) 7 copies, 1 review
Manual de cronopios (1992) 7 copies, 1 review
Mirildandigim Oykuler (1999) 7 copies
Correspondencia (2009) 7 copies, 1 review
La racine de l'Ombù (2004) 6 copies
Ayakizlerinde Adimlar (2015) 6 copies
Literatura y arte nuevo en Cuba (1977) — Contributor — 6 copies
Şotron (2011) 6 copies, 1 review
Una Flor Amarilla (1974) 6 copies
Letters from Mom (2022) 6 copies
L'inseguitore (2016) 6 copies
Salarelvad (2011) 5 copies
Relatos (1970) 5 copies
Hayvan Hikayeleri (2019) 5 copies
Disincontri (2019) 5 copies, 1 review
Vita di Edgar Allan Poe (2004) 4 copies
Opowiadania 1 (2005) 4 copies
Cuentos de película (2007) 4 copies
Cuentos (1901) 4 copies
Libro di Manuel (2024) 4 copies
NARRACIONES Y POEMAS (2006) 4 copies
Siete cuentos (1994) 4 copies
Cuentos Sorprendentes (1996) 4 copies
Cinayeti Gordum (2009) 4 copies
Hinkeleg (2017) 4 copies
Opowiadania zebrane. T. 1 (1999) 4 copies
No No Y No (2014) — Author — 4 copies
Mängu lõpp (2016) 4 copies
Niespodziewane stronice (2013) 3 copies
Liebesgeschichten. (2006) 3 copies
Último round. Tomo II. (2015) 3 copies
Keksumäng (2016) 3 copies
Samlade noveller (Box) (2010) 3 copies
Le ragioni della collera (1995) 3 copies
Perspectivas críticas Ensayos inéditos (2012) 3 copies, 1 review
Opowiadania zebrane. T. 2 (1999) 3 copies
Die Erzählungen, 4 Bde. (1998) 3 copies
Martin Fierro (1987) — Author — 2 copies
Headache 2 copies
Játékok (2005) 2 copies
Puñalada, La / El Tango de La Vuelta (2014) 2 copies, 1 review
No, no y no (2014) 2 copies
Dossier 2 2 copies
Niewpory (1989) 2 copies
Son Raunt (2009) 2 copies
Último round (2009) 2 copies
Dossier 3 2 copies
Dossier 1 2 copies
Passager (2004) 2 copies
Die Erzählungen (1998) 2 copies
Soupe à la Sainte-Façon (1991) 2 copies
La isla final (1983) 2 copies, 1 review
Ötekinin Rüyasi (2000) 2 copies
Del racconto e dintorni (2009) 2 copies, 1 review
Dnevnik o priči (1987) 2 copies
Itt és most (2006) 2 copies
Poesía y poética (2005) 2 copies, 1 review
Stāsti (2006) 1 copy
Seksek 1 copy
Citas debesis (2006) 1 copy
Fine del gioco (2021) 1 copy
Manuel'in Kitabi (2022) 1 copy
Pasajes 1 copy
Gîtes 1 copy
Marelle 1 copy
CUENTOS 1 copy
Ruegos 1 copy
PROVIMI 1 copy
Los relatos 1 copy
E LARGETA 1 copy
EL LIBRO DE MANUEL 1 copy, 1 review
Igra v klassiki (2020) 1 copy
Opowiadania. 2 (2006) 1 copy
Racconti 1 copy
Ο κυνηγός (2014) 1 copy
Поезия 1 copy
Rayuela 1 copy
Рассказы (1999) 1 copy
Buluşma 1 copy
Den tabte himmel (1970) 1 copy
Drugo nebo 1 copy
Tamo neki Luka (2015) 1 copy
Dobitnici 1 copy
Vatra svih vatri (2024) 1 copy
Sotron 1 copy
Antología personal (2011) 1 copy
Ośmiościan 1 copy
Directives pour John Howell 1 copy, 1 review
Toate focurile, focul (2003) 1 copy
Cartas I 1 copy
Egzamin (1991) 1 copy
Les Fils de la vierge (1996) 1 copy
Final Del Juego (2014) 1 copy
Omtijden 1 copy
Kronoper & Famer (2012) 1 copy
Obra crítica II (2014) 1 copy
Takipci 1 copy
Sántaiskola (2009) 1 copy
Opowiadania (2009) 1 copy
Los reyes 1 copy

Associated Works

Robinson Crusoe (1719) — Translator, some editions — 29,109 copies, 361 reviews
The Story and Its Writer: An Introduction to Short Fiction (1976) — Contributor — 1,216 copies, 3 reviews
Tales of the Grotesque and Arabesque (1856) — Foreword, some editions — 1,101 copies, 7 reviews
The Weird: A Compendium of Strange and Dark Stories (2011) — Contributor — 968 copies, 22 reviews
The Book of Fantasy (1940) — Contributor — 747 copies, 15 reviews
The Seven Madmen (1929) — Introduction, some editions — 673 copies, 18 reviews
Black Water: The Book of Fantastic Literature (1983) — Contributor — 558 copies, 10 reviews
The World of the Short Story: A 20th Century Collection (1986) — Contributor — 513 copies, 4 reviews
Flash Fiction: 72 Very Short Stories (1992) — Contributor — 438 copies, 10 reviews
City Lights Pocket Poets Anthology (1995) — Contributor — 413 copies, 6 reviews
The Art of the Tale: An International Anthology of Short Stories (1986) — Contributor — 381 copies, 3 reviews
The Further Adventures of Robinson Crusoe (1719) — Translator, some editions — 348 copies, 6 reviews
Sudden Fiction International: Sixty Short-Short Stories (1989) — Contributor — 228 copies, 1 review
Adán Buenosayres (1948) — Foreword, some editions — 220 copies, 1 review
Blow-Up [1967 film] (1966) — Original story — 172 copies, 3 reviews
The Big Book of Modern Fantasy (2020) — Contributor — 170 copies, 1 review
The Eye of the Heart: Short Stories from Latin America (1973) — Contributor — 165 copies, 2 reviews
A Hammock Beneath the Mangoes: Stories from Latin America (1991) — Contributor — 162 copies, 3 reviews
Bedtime Stories (2011) — Contributor — 151 copies, 5 reviews
From the Observatory (1984) — Photographer — 139 copies, 3 reviews
The Vintage Book of Latin American Stories (2000) — Contributor — 123 copies, 1 review
The Oxford Book of Latin American Short Stories (1997) — Contributor — 121 copies
Magical Realist Fiction: An Anthology (1984) — Contributor — 119 copies, 1 review
Wolf's Complete Book of Terror (1979) — Contributor — 90 copies, 2 reviews
16 Cuentos Latinoamericanos (Spanish Edition) (1992) — Contributor — 84 copies, 4 reviews
No, But I Saw the Movie: The Best Short Stories Ever Made Into Film (1960) — Contributor — 80 copies, 3 reviews
The Naked I (Picador Books) (1972) — Contributor — 67 copies
Year's Best Weird Fiction, Vol. 2 (2015) — Contributor — 64 copies
Found in Translation (2018) — Contributor, some editions — 63 copies
Huellas de las literaturas hispanoamericanas (1996) — Contributor — 60 copies, 1 review
Masterworks of Latin American Short Fiction: Eight Novellas (1996) — Contributor — 58 copies, 1 review
The Murders in the Rue Morgue / The Gold Bug (1985) — Translator, some editions — 56 copies, 1 review
El infierno musical (1971) — Preface — 55 copies, 1 review
Hot and Cool: Jazz Short Stories (1990) — Contributor — 31 copies
Mejores relatos latinoamericanos (1998) — Contributor — 30 copies
One World of Literature (1992) — Contributor — 27 copies
La tarde del dinosaurio (1985) — Foreword, some editions — 21 copies
Phantastische Aussichten (1985) — Contributor — 19 copies
De toppen van Latijns-Amerika (1984) — Contributor — 17 copies
Best Literary Translations 2024 (2024) — Contributor — 14 copies, 1 review
Seven stories from Spanish America (1968) — Contributor — 7 copies
Cuentos Argentinos Vamos A Leer (2001) — Contributor — 7 copies
Ruckzuck: Die schnellsten Geschichten der Welt II (2008) — Contributor — 7 copies
Cuentos fantasticos argentinos (2011) — Contributor — 6 copies, 1 review
Cuentos clasificados 1 (1997) — Contributor — 5 copies
Racconti di cinema (2014) — Contributor — 5 copies
Zomerse verhalen (1992) — Contributor; Contributor — 4 copies
Short Fiction: Shape and Substance (1971) — Contributor — 3 copies
Erkundungen: 20 argentinische Erzähler (1975) — Contributor — 3 copies
La Otredad: Antología de cuentos latinoamericanos del siglo XX (2015) — Contributor — 3 copies, 1 review
De spannendste Zuidamerikaanse verhalen (1986) — Contributor — 3 copies
Un certo Julio. Vita di Cortázar illustrata da Rep (2014) — Contributor — 3 copies
New Voices of Hispanic America: An Anthology — Contributor — 2 copies
Tres relatos en negro — Translator, some editions — 2 copies
The Literary Short Story (2007) — Contributor — 2 copies
Cuentos fantásticos latinoamericanos (2014) — Contributor — 2 copies

Tagged

Common Knowledge

Members

Reviews

455 reviews
Davanti a un capolavoro, non ci si dovrebbe sentire in obbligo di scrivere una recensione. Dovrebbe essere sufficiente scrivere: un capolavoro del romanzo contemporaneo. Anzi, un capolavoro del romanzo di tutti i tempi. Uno di quei libri rispetto ai quali c’è un prima e un dopo, come per l’Ulysses di Joyce, o la Recherche di Proust, o L’uomo senza qualità di Musil.

Il problema è che, per quel poco che so, Il gioco del mondo è stato un romanzo largamente frainteso. La maggior parte show more dei commentatori ne ha colto lo sperimentalismo, il suo essere un romanzo ipertestuale ante litteram (l’autore ne suggerisce, accanto alla lettura sequenziale, che si limita ai primi 56 capitoli, una lettura guidata dai rinvii numerici alla fine dei ogni capitolo, che integrano nella lettura altri 99 capitoli “sovrannumerari” e che, per di più, porta a saltare il capitolo 55 – che ha un suo “doppio” nei capitoli sovrannumerari – e poi conduce a un loop infinito degli ultimi due capitoli).

In realtà, Rayuela è molti romanzi in uno solo.

Partiamo dalle parentele che ci ho trovato io. Henry Miller, per prima cosa (prima nel senso epidermico del termine, come se sbucciassimo una cipolla), per il clima degli expats a Parigi e anche per l’erotizzazione della città – anche se la Maga è un personaggio molto più profondo e complesso delle donne di Miller (Cortázar, sospetto, ha un rapporto con le donne molto più profondo e complesso e maturo e simpatetico di quanto Miller possa sognarsi di avere). Robert Musil (che prima non ho citato a caso) per la capacità di scrivere insieme un romanzo e un mondo enciclopedico, senza penalizzare né l’uno né l’altro dei due versanti, e senza mai essere né pedante né didascalico nelle digressioni filosofiche e di estetica. Il Joyce del Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man per l’uso del monologo interiore e, ancora di più, per essere anche Rayuela un Künstlerroman.

Il gioco del mondo è soprattutto un gioco di specchi e di doppi: di qua e di là dell’oceano, Oliveira e Traveler, la Maga e Talita. Un gioco di ponti precariamente gettati. Un mondo di gioco e di giochi. Il circo e la follia. Il dolore irrisolto. L’abiezione.

Non so chi ha scritto la quarta di copertina della mia edizione Einaudi, ma è stato un genio con il dono della sintesi:

Un capolavoro del Novecento che ha cambiato la storia del romanzo e la vita di molte persone che lo hanno letto.

Concordo in pieno. Non è un’esagerazione, nemmeno nell’affermazione che cambia la vita del lettore che vi si abbandoni, come ho fatto io. Leggetelo.

Su Wikipedia (inglese) c’è una bella voce (Hopscotch, il nome inglese del gioco).

Su YouTube c’è una bella intervista di Cortázar rilasciata alla televisione spagnola nel 1977.
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Julio Cortázar's Hopscotch has only the most skeletal of plots: Argentine writer and pretentious blowhard Horacio Oliveira lives in Paris with his lover La Maga, drinking and listening to old jazz records with a group of bohemian friends who call themselves The Club, and who are collectively fascinated with the obscure and pedantic Italian writer Morelli. Something disastrous happens to La Maga; she disappears; Oliveira returns to Argentina and has further adventures with his frenemy show more Traveler and Traveler's wife Talita. That's it, really, but Hopscotch's real claim to fame is its unusual structure. Cortázar offers his readers two choices of how to read his book: you can start at Chapter 1 and progress as normal to Chapter 56, stopping there and discarding the final 200 pages of the book (which contain Chapters 57-155, the "expendable" chapters). Or, you can follow a leap-frogging list that begins with Chapter 73, progresses to Chapter 1, and continues vaulting back and forth between the necessary and expendable sections until you've eventually read the entire book...or have you? (I read it according to the second, "hopscotching" method.)

Hopscotch was an extremely complex and contradictory reading experience for me. So much so, actually, that my so-called "review" grew to an unacceptably epic length, and I decided to split it into three separate posts. I thought about pruning, but I really do feel the genuine need to write about all three of these topics, if only to get them out of my system. So here we go. I'm starting with the good, progressing to the bad, and ending up with the wacky.

1. Things that Inspired and Delighted Me

By far, the highlights of Hopscotch for me were the scenes in which Cortázar deals with music, compulsiveness, and the absurd. The Club's late-night blues-listening sessions were a special treat for me personally, as early blues (Ma Rainey, Memphis Minnie, Bessie Smith) are one of my own favorite musical genres, and I hardly ever get to read such lively prose involving them. Cortázar's descriptions of the smoky, boozy Paris apartment where the Club talks and listens to scratchy records into the wee hours reminded me a bit of Kerouac's late-night bop passages, except that I liked Cortázar's much better.

But it was Cortázar's depiction of the absurd avant-garde piano concert Oliveira stumbles into that really impressed me. Only in Kazuo Ishiguro's The Unconsoled have I come across such a lusty portrayal of modern "art" music--one that may revel in the absurdity of a particular performance, but still holds the concept of experimental classical/art music to have power. I love how Oliveira's irony and odd sincerity are woven together, in this passage, with the exodus of the other concert-goers and the manic desperation of pianist Berthe Trépat; it's masterfully done. [Alix Alix is the ostensible composer of the piece.]

In the two or three minutes that followed, Oliveira had some trouble in dividing his attention between the extraordinary stew that Berthe Trépat was boiling up at full steam and the furtive or forthright way in which young and old were leaving the concert. A mixture of Liszt and Rachmaninoff, the Pavan was the tiresome repetition of two or three themes which then got lost in innumerable variations, bits of bravura (rather poorly played, with holes and stitching everywhere) and the solemnities of a catafalque upon a caisson, broken by the sudden fireworks which seemed to delight the mysterious Alix Alix. Once or twice Oliveira was worried that the towering Salammbô hairdo of Berthe Trépat would suddenly collapse, but who knows how many hairpins were reinforcing it, amidst the rumble and tumble of the Pavan. The orgiastic arpeggios which announced the end came on, and three themes were successively repeated (one of which had been lifted bodily from Strauss's Don Juan), and Berthe Trépat let the chords rain down with growing intensity, modified by the hysterical repetition of the first theme and two chords composed of the gravest notes, the last of which came out markedly false for the right hand, but it was something that could happen to anyone and Oliveira applauded warmly; he had really enjoyed it.


When Cortázar gets into full story-telling mode, his prose is crisp and his sense of humor wicked. His longer chapters tended to be my favorites for this reason: given time to build up the absurdity of his situations and the strength of his narrative voice, he invariably left me in stitches. I have so many favorite scenes in this regard: the extended piano recital and subsequent walk home in the rain; the scene in which Horacio and Traveler build a plank "bridge" across the alley separating their apartment buildings; the several "expendable" chapters in which Traveler and Talita get hysterical over a book of crackpot political science; the early OCD-esque scene in which Oliveira tells us that he always feels compelled to personally pick up anything he drops or "something terrible will happen" to a person he loves whose name begins with the same letter as the dropped object (followed by a gut-busting account of dropping a sugar cube in a restaurant). Only occasionally did I feel like Cortázar was overdoing the absurdism; in his narrative chapters he generally strikes just that hard-to-achieve balance of hilarity and cohesion. In this passage, for example, Horacio, back in Argentina, has become unaccountably obsessed with the idea of straightening out a bunch of bent nails in the sweltering afternoon sun.

"God, it's cold," Oliveira said to himself, because he was a great believer in autosuggestion. Sweat was pouring over his eyes out of his hair and it was impossible to hold a nail with the hump up because the lightest blow of the hammer would make it slip out of his fingers which were all wet (from the cold) and the nail would pinch him again and he would mash his fingers (from the cold). To make things worse, the sun had begun to shine with full force into the room (it was the moon on snow-covered steppes, and he whistled to goad the horses pulling against their harnesses), by three o'clock the whole place was covered with snow, he would let himself freeze until he got to that sleepy state described so well and maybe even brought about in Slavic stories, and his body would be entombed in the man-killing whiteness of the livid flowers of space. That was pretty good: the livid flowers of space. Right then he hit himself full on the thumb with the hammer. The coldness that had got into him was so intense that he had to roll around on the ground in an attempt to fight off the stiffness that was coming on him from the fact that he was freezing up. When he managed to sit upright waving his hand around, he was wet from head to toe, probably from the melting snow or from that light drizzle that was mingling with the livid flowers of space and refreshed the wolves as it fell on their fur.


I mean, brilliant, right? The way his mind plays with itself and revises its jokes and those revisions are intermingled with and affected by his physical environment. Delicious.

And, of course, I loved Cortázar's unremitting experimentalism. He really is a stylistic master; in addition to the obvious structural oddness of Hopscotch there is a chapter which gives us interposed lines of text as Horacio tries to read a book while his mind is on other things; an "erotic" chapter told in a nonsense language invented by La Maga; exuberant alternation among various first- and third-person points of view; and much more. Of all these things, I could not get enough.

2. Things that Bored and Offended Me

I know we're dealing with South American Lit from the 1960s here, but Cortázar's level of animosity toward women in this novel really got to me. Not only is La Maga the stereotype of the ignorant/uneducated yet "intuitive" female (dear lord, if I never read another example of "I swim in the river / she IS the river," bullshit, I will die happy). Not only does the most interesting woman in the book gain her author's approval by ridiculing other, "normal" females for her husband's voyeuristic pleasure as he hides in the closet. Not only that, but through Morelli we are introduced to the concept of the undesirable "female-reader," the lazy person who doesn't want to do any work while reading:


...the type that doesn't want any problems, but rather solutions, or false and alien problems that will allow him to suffer comfortably seated in his chair, without compromising himself in the drama that should also be his.


Okay! Fuck you too, Julio.

It's only fair to remark that the hypothetical "female-reader" seems actually to be male, but a male who is inappropriately effeminate (by which Cortázar seems to mean passive, rather than active) in his approach to reading and literature. I'm not sure if that makes it better or worse. The idea that women are all right as long as they act like one of the boys is mirrored elsewhere in Hopscotch, so it makes a perverse kind of sense that men would only be acceptable as long as they don't act like women. I might go so far as to point out that using a word like "female" when what you really mean is "lazy" or "passive" is a pretty lazy lingual trick in itself, although I'm not sure how Spanish-to-English translation may have affected the "female-reader" term. I assume, however, that the "female" portion of it was not invented by the translator out of whole cloth.

Even more disturbing, there are a number of passages that seem either to make light of, or to actually praise, rape and sexual abuse. In one scene, Club member Ossip badgers La Maga into telling him about her early life in Montevideo, including a grisly rape. She doesn't want to talk about it, but eventually acquiesces - after which, club members make fun of how she "always" tells the story, belittle the seriousness of the experience, and offer joking compliments to the rapist ("That Negro was quite a guy."). (And yes, the depiction of the rape also struck me as fairly racist, incorporating the tired stereotype of the drooling, animalistic black man living in squalor and attacking an innocent, pubescent white girl.) Later on, the narrator speaks of La Maga's rapist having "dirtied and exalted" her body. Let's be clear, people: rape does not "exalt" anybody or anything. And that's not even to mention the scene in which Oliveira feels all proud of himself for "mistreating" and objectifying La Maga while having sex with her, and worries that as a result she will feel for him "that most subtle form of gratitude which turns to doglike love." This scene also features the cringe-worthy phrase "that ultimate work of knowledge which only a man can give to a woman" - which refers, nonsensically enough, to cunnilingus. Um. Dude is bohemian, but apparently not quite bohemian enough.

The narrator's/author's relationship to the characters is uneasy, and he definitely doesn't condone all their actions or attitudes. Oliveira is firmly an antihero, not a hero. However, even if half the misogyny in the novel can be passed off as thoughtful commentary on Horacio's machismo, what remains still goes beyond the normal range of casual sexism I'm ready to overlook on the basis of cultural differences. Although I hardly ever stop reading a book partway through, it grossed me out enough that I considered not reading any further. Overall I'm glad I continued; toward the end, the Talita character even began to recoup some of the respect I lost for Cortázar during the first three quarters of the book. Still, these attitudes severely tarnished my enjoyment of the novel as a whole, and Talita's assertions that she's "nobody's zombie" were, in my opinion, too little, too late.

(Whew!)

My other main complaint is that, while much of Cortázar's narration is riveting, he does sometimes cross a line into sophomoric pseudo-intellectualism reminiscent of a stoned high-school student. To wit:

And Time? Everything begins again, there is no absolute. Then there must be feed or feces, everything becomes critical again. Desire every so often, never too different and always something else: a trick of time to create illusions. 'A love like a fire which burns eternally in the contemplation of Totality.'"


Duuuude...turn up the Zappa and pass that j!

Sometimes this kind of thing is present intentionally, to demonstrate Oliveira's pretension or intoxication, but at other times it seems sincere - and goes on, I might add, for pages and pages at a time. I think the problem is that there's a lot of Cortázar in Oliveira and Morelli. So while Cortázar is sometimes showing Oliveira/Morelli as a sophomoric windbag, at other times Cortázar himself is a sophomoric windbag. It's that much more painful because there's tangible evidence, sometimes on the previous PAGE, that the guy is a creative genius when he wants to be. Does he include all the faux philosophizing as the dreck that will make his gem-like narrative chapters shine all the brighter? If so, I hardly think it was necessary.

3. Effects of the Narrative Structure

I didn't want to write a Hopscotch review that ignored the psychological effects of zig-zagging through a text according to an unpredictable, non-linear program. The first thing I noticed was that flipping through the book after every chapter (and many chapters are quite short) obviously disrupts the reading experience. It's more difficult to get into the swing of things if one is constantly paging around, which makes Cortázar's occasional longer chapters, with their concentrated bursts of narrative brilliance, that much more striking. On the flip side, finding a new location after almost every chapter also forces the reader to pause for a few seconds and think about the chapter she's just read. As I spent more time with Hopscotch, I came to an appreciation of this built-in period of contemplation. I found myself thinking about connections I might not have considered without the break, which made me a more female—excuse me, I mean ACTIVE—reader.

After I'd been reading a while, two more things hit me: constantly paging back and forth means both that the reader has no idea how far along she is in the novel, and that, insofar as normal "book time" still exists within the first 56 chapters, it moves incredibly slowly. For every ten pages one moves forward in Chapters 1-56, after all, one actually reads twenty. The end effect combines a feeling of frenetic back-and-forth with the sensation of impossibly slow-motion movement, like in those dreams where you're attempting to run against a tremendous, invisible resistance. Not only that, but the reader has little concept of event sequences. In most books, I can read a scene that reminds me of another passage earlier in the novel, think to myself "Oh, that was about 50 pages ago," or "Oh, that was before X event and before Y," and locate it successfully. In Hopscotch I found myself taking copious notes in the back of the book, cataloging all the passages I loved and hated, out of the fear that if I didn't note them down I would likely never be able to find them again. It strikes me that this effect also mirrors the world of dreams, in which locations and events switch places or fail to turn up where they ought to be, and time plays tricks on the dreamer.

So too, the book messes with our sense of completeness: usually, one reads every page in a book, starting with the first and ending with the last--after which, one has read the whole thing. According to Cortázar's schema, though, there could easily be a chapter adrift in the text, unconnected with the overarching order of chapters, and the reader wouldn't necessarily realize she'd missed anything. In fact, that chapter is #55. If you're not paying attention (or insufficiently compulsive), and you're reading the "hopscotching" version of the book, you will miss Chapter 55 completely. Given the novel's preoccupation with Oliveira's and La Maga's compulsions, it's undeniably clever, if arguably obnoxious, of Cortázar to replicate the same behaviors in his readers.

Cortázar also uses his non-linearity to mimic psychological states in his characters and readers. Take Horacio's reaction to the disaster that befalls La Maga: leading up to the event, the chapters alternate fairly regularly, with one or two "expendable" chapters for every one "regular" chapter. There is then a long (and extremely uncomfortable) "regular" chapter (#28), followed by a barrage of 22 "expendable" chapters that send the reader flying back and forth between #154 and #63 before finally returning to #29. Similarly, within the narrative at that point, Horacio himself abandons La Maga to go on a week-long bender, and our "return" to Chapter 29 coincides with Horacio's return to their erstwhile apartment.

Similarly, Cortázar uses the structure to deprive the reader of any definitive "ending" to the novel. Normally, one can't help but privilege the final line of a book: it's the last, strongest impression, the one we remember as we walk away. But in the case of Hopscotch, where should that privilege settle? On the final page of the physical book, which one reads when one is only about halfway done? With the final page of Chapter 56, which ends the standard chapters? Or with the infinite recursive loop between Chapters 58 and 131, which ends the hopscotching version of the book? I admire Cortázar's commitment to exploring all the possibilities of this new format he invented, even if I wouldn't want to adopt it as the new default.

Some people (frustrated by the stoned high-school student sections I wrote about on Thursday) recommend taking Cortázar's first recommendation on reading this book over his second: to read only the standard chapters, skipping the expendable chapters and the more experimental hopscotching chronology. I disagree. They're often irritating, but in the end I found that Cortázar's odd structural choices really did enforce and deepen my experience of his novel's themes. The "adrift" Chapter 55 alone, when compared with the more fleshed-out version of the same events one gets in the expanded version, convinced me that I made the right choice, at least for myself.

And in the end...

After all that, I really have no summation to offer. The disappointing things in this novel did not cancel out the inspiring things, nor did the fascinating things make up for the offensive things. Obviously, I needed to spend an entire week of blogging to fully appreciate, exorcise, and process the reading of this book, and I will say this: it was unforgettable.
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I read this in the normal order, which feels a bit like reviewing a maze after only walking through one corridor.

The premise should be gimmicky. Somehow it isn't. It's dense, stream-of-consciousness, and full of the sort of conversations that make you wonder whether everyone involved is a genius, insufferable, or both. The whole thing feels like a group of intellectuals talking past one another in a café while accidentally producing literature.

Dense, meandering, frequently confusing, and show more best approached in a particular state of mind (I found a glass of wine helped considerably). I suspect this book improves in direct proportion to your willingness to surrender to it.

I enjoyed it enough that I now want a physical copy so I can read it again in hopscotch order and discover whether I missed the point entirely the first time. Whether that will clarify things or simply confuse me more remains to be seen.
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At once meditative, playful, literary, quirky, erotic, imaginative, and even modestly paranoic, this delightful book chronicles a journey Cortázar and Dunlop made in May and June of 1982 along the autoroute from Paris to Marseille stopping at every rest stop at the rate of two per day. Why did they do this? Initially, the idea came to them as a way to escape the responsibilities, especially phone calls and mail, that confronted them in Paris, and also perhaps a certain psychological gloom, show more but as ideas will, it evolved, and they came to see it as a an expedition inspired by those of the early European explorers and resolved to scientifically document their observations. They traveled in their VW van, nicknamed Fafner the dragon, which was outfitted with a refrigerator and a jerry can of water, along with other supplies including food, liquor, books. and cassette tapes. They arranged for a few friends to meet them along the way for companionship and fresh food (they also ate occasionally in restaurants at the rest stops and stayed overnight in hotels at the stops).

What was perhaps most surprising to me is how frequent the rest stops on this highway are. In the logs that detail each day -- times of arising and travel, as well as of other interesting events, information about each rest stop, their meals, the temperature and weather, etc. -- it seems to take about 15 minutes to get from one rest area to another. Thus, they spent most of their time in rest areas, not on the autoroute. This gave them ample time for exploration, reading, writing (they brought two typewriters with them), and enjoying their freedom and the opportunity to be only with each other. In addition to the logs, and the descriptions of what they saw at the rest areas, this book includes forays into fiction, meditations on everything from music to love, visits from imaginary characters, photographs, and illustrations (drawn by Dunlop's son). Every page is both deeply personal and addressed to the reader -- they knew from the beginning that they would write a book about the trip.

Thus their journey was a search for happiness, as well as an exploration of the rest areas. They call each other by their pet names, La Osita (little bear) for her, El Lobo (the wolf) for him, and their affection for each other shines through the writing. At one point they mention a bet two of their friends made about whether they would complete the trip, one hypothesizing that they would squabble and separately return to Paris. Instead, the trip seems to have deepened their love for each other, perhaps (although this isn't clear) knowing that Dunlop was ill and would die, tragically early, the next year, before the book could be completed. While each wrote different sections, it is sometimes difficult to know who wrote what.

In a way, the trip left them suspended in time (thus "timeless" in the subtitle), allowing them the illusion that life, like the autoroute, continues indefinitely. Hence their sadness when they arrived in Marseille and returned to "real" life. Speaking of the deeper meanings some of their friends attempted to hang on the trip upon their return to Paris, Cortázar writes:

"All that dazzled us a bit, but most of all we found it funny, because we'd never conceived nor realized the expedition with underlying intentions. It was a game for a little Bear and a Wolf, and that's what it was for thirty-three wondrous days. Faced with disturbing questions, we said many times that if we'd had those possibilities in mind, the expedition would have been something else, perhaps better or worse but never that advance in happiness and love from which we emerged so fulfilled that nothing, afterwards, even admirable travels and hours of perfect harmony, could surpass that month outside of time, that interior month where we knew for the first and last time what absolute happiness was." pp. 351-352
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