Julio Cortázar (1914–1984)
Author of Hopscotch
About the Author
Julio Cortazar is an Argentine poet, short story writer, and translator, whose pseudonym is Julio Denis. He was born in Brussels, Belgium, in 1914. In 1918, he moved with his parents to their native Argentina. He taught high school and later French literature at the University of Cuyo, resigning show more after participating in demonstrations against Argentine President Juan Peron. He worked for a Buenos Aires publishing company and also earned a degree as a translator. Cortazar is part of the "boom" of excellence in Latin American letters in the 1950s and 1960s. He combines fantastic plots with commonplace events and characters, and looks for new ways for literature to represent life. His first novel, The Winners, tells the story of passengers on a luxury liner who are restricted to a certain area of the ship and forbidden to communicate with the crew. He explores the ways passengers react. Hopscotch has a complex narrative structure with 165 chapters that can be read in at least two logical sequences to create variations. A Change of Light and Other Stories is a short story collection dealing with themes ranging from political oppression to fantasy. We Love Glenda So Much is about a fan club murder of their favorite actress whose films do not meet their standards. A Certain Lucas is comprised of three sections of short observations, discussing the nature of reality, the exploration of literary form, and search for new ways to view the world. (Bowker Author Biography) show less
Image credit: Courtesy Wikipedia; photo by Sara Facio.
Series
Works by Julio Cortázar
Cuentos Completos 2, Cortazar (Complete Short Stories 2, Cortazar) (Spanish Edition) (1994) 362 copies, 4 reviews
Hopscotch ; Blow-up and other stories ; We love Glenda so much and other tales (2014) 115 copies, 2 reviews
Que cada cosa cruel sea tú que vuelves / May You Return to My Life with Every Misfortune (Shape Trilogy) (Spanish Edition) (2018) 21 copies
Animalia. Cuentos de Julio Cortázar / Animalia. Short Stories by Julio Cortázar (Spanish Edition) (2005) 11 copies
Orientação dos gatos 7 copies
Bestiario. Deshoras. 7 copies
De vrijheid verteld : verhalen voor Amnesty International van Adriaan van Dis, Norman Manea, Duoduo, Julio Cortázar, Et (1996) 4 copies
CORTAZAR: CUENTOS COMPLETOS II 4 copies
Valise de cronópio 4 copies
Viaje alrededor de una mesa 3 copies
Cortázar para armar 3 copies
La señorita Cora 3 copies
Relatos. Bestiario 1951. Las armas secretas 1959. Final del juego 1964. Todos los fuegos el fuego 1966 (1970) 3 copies
Palabra de Autor 3 copies
Headache 2 copies
Tango raz jeszcze 2 copies
Adiós, Robinson - Nada a Pehuajó 2 copies
De pameos y meopas 2 copies
CUENTOS COMPLETOS (I Y II) 2 copies
Dossier 2 2 copies
La noche boca arriba 2 copies
Dossier 3 2 copies
Dossier 1 2 copies
Rayuela : Himmel-und-Hölle ; Roman 2 copies
Headache [short story] 2 copies
Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires 2 copies
Escritos Políticos ,tomo I 2 copies
As Cartas do Boom 2 copies
The Gates of Heaven [short story] 2 copies
Прощай, Робинзон 2 copies
Cartas 1965-1968 (Tomo 3): Edición a cargo de Aurora Bernárdez y Carles Álvarez Garriga (Spanish Edition) (2018) 1 copy
Cartas 1955-1964 (Tomo 2): Edición a cargo de Aurora Bernárdez y Carles Álvarez Garriga (Spanish Edition) (2018) 1 copy
Cuentos completos/3 1 copy
Relatos Ritos 1 copy
Cartas 1969-1976 (Tomo 4): Edición a cargo de Autora Bernárdez y Carles Álvarez Garriga (Spanish Edition) (2018) 1 copy
Último round - Tomo 2 1 copy
Último round - Tomo 1 1 copy
ניירות פתאום 1 copy
queremos tanto 1 copy
Seksek 1 copy
Bir Sarı Çiçek 1 copy
Pachanga de compadres 1 copy
Cuentos completos /2 1 copy
Az összefüggő parkok 1 copy
CONTOS LATINO - AMERICANO 1 copy
Cuentos completos /1 1 copy
La isla al mediodía 1 copy
Pasajes 1 copy
Gîtes 1 copy
Marelle 1 copy
CUENTOS 1 copy
LOS MEJORES CUENTOS 1 copy
Ruegos 1 copy
PROVIMI 1 copy
Los relatos 1 copy
Papeles inesperados 2009 1 copy
E LARGETA 1 copy
QIELLI I RREME 1 copy
Las armas secretos 1 copy
Μαθήματα Λογοτεχνίας 1 copy
Orienta©ʹ©Đo dos gatos 1 copy
La isla a mediodía [Cuento] 1 copy
Cuaderno de bitácora 1 copy
Racconti 1 copy
Поезия 1 copy
Другое небо: Рассказы 1 copy
Rayuela 1 copy
Buluşma 1 copy
At Your Service 1 copy
The Continuity of Parks 1 copy
The Night Face Up {story} 1 copy
Drugo nebo 1 copy
Cuba por argentinos 1 copy
Ostatnia Runda 1 copy
Dobitnici 1 copy
Časovi književnosti 1 copy
La imposibilidad de Narrar 1 copy
Sotron 1 copy
La porte condamnee 1 copy
Ośmiościan 1 copy
The Distances 1 copy
Sabrane priče 1 copy
Omnibus (in Bestiario) 1 copy
Cortázar en Galaxia 1 copy
Lontana (in Bestiario) 1 copy
Obras completas II 1 copy
Circe (in Bestiario) 1 copy
O Livro de Manuel 1 copy
Bestiário: contos 1 copy
Las puertas del cielo 1 copy
Cartas I 1 copy
Omtijden 1 copy
[Ultimo round] 1 copy
Leopoldo Torres-Aguero en el Museo Nacional de Bellas Artes (Catalogo) (Spanish Edition) (1997) 1 copy
Lucas Diye Biri 1 copy
Julio Cortázar 1 copy
Takipci 1 copy
Casa Tomada-Pasta - I 1 copy
BIOGRAFÍA DE CORTAZAR 1 copy
Los reyes 1 copy
The Southern Thruway 1 copy
Blow-up, and Other Stories 1 copy
Associated Works
The Story and Its Writer: An Introduction to Short Fiction (1976) — Contributor — 1,216 copies, 3 reviews
The World of the Short Story: A 20th Century Collection (1986) — Contributor — 513 copies, 4 reviews
The Art of the Tale: An International Anthology of Short Stories (1986) — Contributor — 381 copies, 3 reviews
The Further Adventures of Robinson Crusoe (1719) — Translator, some editions — 348 copies, 6 reviews
The Vintage Book of Amnesia: An Anthology of Writing on the Subject of Memory Loss (2000) — Contributor — 228 copies, 2 reviews
A Hammock Beneath the Mangoes: Stories from Latin America (1991) — Contributor — 162 copies, 3 reviews
Adaptations: From Short Story to Big Screen: 35 Great Stories That Have Inspired Great Films (2005) — Contributor — 136 copies, 1 review
No, But I Saw the Movie: The Best Short Stories Ever Made Into Film (1960) — Contributor — 80 copies, 3 reviews
Masterworks of Latin American Short Fiction: Eight Novellas (1996) — Contributor — 58 copies, 1 review
The Murders in the Rue Morgue / The Gold Bug (1985) — Translator, some editions — 56 copies, 1 review
The Second Gates of Paradise: The Anthology of Erotic Short Fiction (1997) — Contributor — 38 copies
Introducción a la literatura hispanoamericana : de la conquista al siglo XX (1997) — Contributor — 23 copies
Het continent van de eenzaamheid reportages en beschouwingen over Latijns-Amerika (1992) — Contributor — 6 copies
Confesiones de escritores, escritores latinoamericanos : los reportajes de The Paris Review (1996) — Contributor — 5 copies
Die Geschichtenerzähler: Neues und Unbekanntes von Allende bis Zafón (suhrkamp taschenbuch) (2008) — Contributor — 5 copies
Maestros de la Literatura Universal: Latinoamerica — Contributor — 3 copies
La Otredad: Antología de cuentos latinoamericanos del siglo XX (2015) — Contributor — 3 copies, 1 review
Tales of the Magicians: Gabriel García Márquez, Julio Cortázar, Miguel Ángel Asturias, Jorge Luis Borges, Mario Vargas Llosa, Miguel Otero Silva and… (2002) — Contributor — 3 copies
New Voices of Hispanic America: An Anthology — Contributor — 2 copies
Tres relatos en negro — Translator, some editions — 2 copies
Meesters der vertelkunst : zevenendertig verhalen uit de moderne wereldliteratuur (1975) — Contributor — 2 copies
Audio Libro: Cortazár, Borges, Vargas LLosa, Allan Poe — Contributor — 1 copy
構造と美文 山尾悠子偏愛アンソロジー — Contributor — 1 copy
Tagged
Common Knowledge
- Canonical name
- Cortázar, Julio
- Legal name
- Cortázar, Jules Florencio
- Other names
- Denis, Julio (pseudonym first book)
- Birthdate
- 1914-08-26
- Date of death
- 1984-02-12
- Gender
- male
- Education
- University of Buenos Aires (Philosophy, Languages)
- Occupations
- translator
essayist
novelist
short story writer
teacher
Professor University Cuyo (show all 7)
travel writer - Organizations
- Tribunal Bertrand Russell II (1974)
- Awards and honors
- Prix Médicis (1974)
Orden de la Independencia Cultural Rubén Darío (1983)
Premio Konex (1984) - Relationships
- Dunlop, Carol (second wife)
Bernárdez, Aurora (first wife, 1953-1967) - Cause of death
- leukemia
- Nationality
- Belgium (birth)
France (1981-05)
Argentina - Birthplace
- Brussels, Belgium
- Places of residence
- Brussels, Belgium
Buenos Aires, Argentina
Paris, Île-de-France, France - Place of death
- Paris, Île-de-France, France
- Burial location
- Cimetière du Montparnasse, Paris, Île-de-France, France
- Map Location
- Argentina
Members
Reviews
Davanti a un capolavoro, non ci si dovrebbe sentire in obbligo di scrivere una recensione. Dovrebbe essere sufficiente scrivere: un capolavoro del romanzo contemporaneo. Anzi, un capolavoro del romanzo di tutti i tempi. Uno di quei libri rispetto ai quali c’è un prima e un dopo, come per l’Ulysses di Joyce, o la Recherche di Proust, o L’uomo senza qualità di Musil.
Il problema è che, per quel poco che so, Il gioco del mondo è stato un romanzo largamente frainteso. La maggior parte show more dei commentatori ne ha colto lo sperimentalismo, il suo essere un romanzo ipertestuale ante litteram (l’autore ne suggerisce, accanto alla lettura sequenziale, che si limita ai primi 56 capitoli, una lettura guidata dai rinvii numerici alla fine dei ogni capitolo, che integrano nella lettura altri 99 capitoli “sovrannumerari” e che, per di più, porta a saltare il capitolo 55 – che ha un suo “doppio” nei capitoli sovrannumerari – e poi conduce a un loop infinito degli ultimi due capitoli).
In realtà, Rayuela è molti romanzi in uno solo.
Partiamo dalle parentele che ci ho trovato io. Henry Miller, per prima cosa (prima nel senso epidermico del termine, come se sbucciassimo una cipolla), per il clima degli expats a Parigi e anche per l’erotizzazione della città – anche se la Maga è un personaggio molto più profondo e complesso delle donne di Miller (Cortázar, sospetto, ha un rapporto con le donne molto più profondo e complesso e maturo e simpatetico di quanto Miller possa sognarsi di avere). Robert Musil (che prima non ho citato a caso) per la capacità di scrivere insieme un romanzo e un mondo enciclopedico, senza penalizzare né l’uno né l’altro dei due versanti, e senza mai essere né pedante né didascalico nelle digressioni filosofiche e di estetica. Il Joyce del Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man per l’uso del monologo interiore e, ancora di più, per essere anche Rayuela un Künstlerroman.
Il gioco del mondo è soprattutto un gioco di specchi e di doppi: di qua e di là dell’oceano, Oliveira e Traveler, la Maga e Talita. Un gioco di ponti precariamente gettati. Un mondo di gioco e di giochi. Il circo e la follia. Il dolore irrisolto. L’abiezione.
Non so chi ha scritto la quarta di copertina della mia edizione Einaudi, ma è stato un genio con il dono della sintesi:
Un capolavoro del Novecento che ha cambiato la storia del romanzo e la vita di molte persone che lo hanno letto.
Concordo in pieno. Non è un’esagerazione, nemmeno nell’affermazione che cambia la vita del lettore che vi si abbandoni, come ho fatto io. Leggetelo.
Su Wikipedia (inglese) c’è una bella voce (Hopscotch, il nome inglese del gioco).
Su YouTube c’è una bella intervista di Cortázar rilasciata alla televisione spagnola nel 1977. show less
Il problema è che, per quel poco che so, Il gioco del mondo è stato un romanzo largamente frainteso. La maggior parte show more dei commentatori ne ha colto lo sperimentalismo, il suo essere un romanzo ipertestuale ante litteram (l’autore ne suggerisce, accanto alla lettura sequenziale, che si limita ai primi 56 capitoli, una lettura guidata dai rinvii numerici alla fine dei ogni capitolo, che integrano nella lettura altri 99 capitoli “sovrannumerari” e che, per di più, porta a saltare il capitolo 55 – che ha un suo “doppio” nei capitoli sovrannumerari – e poi conduce a un loop infinito degli ultimi due capitoli).
In realtà, Rayuela è molti romanzi in uno solo.
Partiamo dalle parentele che ci ho trovato io. Henry Miller, per prima cosa (prima nel senso epidermico del termine, come se sbucciassimo una cipolla), per il clima degli expats a Parigi e anche per l’erotizzazione della città – anche se la Maga è un personaggio molto più profondo e complesso delle donne di Miller (Cortázar, sospetto, ha un rapporto con le donne molto più profondo e complesso e maturo e simpatetico di quanto Miller possa sognarsi di avere). Robert Musil (che prima non ho citato a caso) per la capacità di scrivere insieme un romanzo e un mondo enciclopedico, senza penalizzare né l’uno né l’altro dei due versanti, e senza mai essere né pedante né didascalico nelle digressioni filosofiche e di estetica. Il Joyce del Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man per l’uso del monologo interiore e, ancora di più, per essere anche Rayuela un Künstlerroman.
Il gioco del mondo è soprattutto un gioco di specchi e di doppi: di qua e di là dell’oceano, Oliveira e Traveler, la Maga e Talita. Un gioco di ponti precariamente gettati. Un mondo di gioco e di giochi. Il circo e la follia. Il dolore irrisolto. L’abiezione.
Non so chi ha scritto la quarta di copertina della mia edizione Einaudi, ma è stato un genio con il dono della sintesi:
Un capolavoro del Novecento che ha cambiato la storia del romanzo e la vita di molte persone che lo hanno letto.
Concordo in pieno. Non è un’esagerazione, nemmeno nell’affermazione che cambia la vita del lettore che vi si abbandoni, come ho fatto io. Leggetelo.
Su Wikipedia (inglese) c’è una bella voce (Hopscotch, il nome inglese del gioco).
Su YouTube c’è una bella intervista di Cortázar rilasciata alla televisione spagnola nel 1977. show less
Julio Cortázar's Hopscotch has only the most skeletal of plots: Argentine writer and pretentious blowhard Horacio Oliveira lives in Paris with his lover La Maga, drinking and listening to old jazz records with a group of bohemian friends who call themselves The Club, and who are collectively fascinated with the obscure and pedantic Italian writer Morelli. Something disastrous happens to La Maga; she disappears; Oliveira returns to Argentina and has further adventures with his frenemy show more Traveler and Traveler's wife Talita. That's it, really, but Hopscotch's real claim to fame is its unusual structure. Cortázar offers his readers two choices of how to read his book: you can start at Chapter 1 and progress as normal to Chapter 56, stopping there and discarding the final 200 pages of the book (which contain Chapters 57-155, the "expendable" chapters). Or, you can follow a leap-frogging list that begins with Chapter 73, progresses to Chapter 1, and continues vaulting back and forth between the necessary and expendable sections until you've eventually read the entire book...or have you? (I read it according to the second, "hopscotching" method.)
Hopscotch was an extremely complex and contradictory reading experience for me. So much so, actually, that my so-called "review" grew to an unacceptably epic length, and I decided to split it into three separate posts. I thought about pruning, but I really do feel the genuine need to write about all three of these topics, if only to get them out of my system. So here we go. I'm starting with the good, progressing to the bad, and ending up with the wacky.
1. Things that Inspired and Delighted Me
By far, the highlights of Hopscotch for me were the scenes in which Cortázar deals with music, compulsiveness, and the absurd. The Club's late-night blues-listening sessions were a special treat for me personally, as early blues (Ma Rainey, Memphis Minnie, Bessie Smith) are one of my own favorite musical genres, and I hardly ever get to read such lively prose involving them. Cortázar's descriptions of the smoky, boozy Paris apartment where the Club talks and listens to scratchy records into the wee hours reminded me a bit of Kerouac's late-night bop passages, except that I liked Cortázar's much better.
But it was Cortázar's depiction of the absurd avant-garde piano concert Oliveira stumbles into that really impressed me. Only in Kazuo Ishiguro's The Unconsoled have I come across such a lusty portrayal of modern "art" music--one that may revel in the absurdity of a particular performance, but still holds the concept of experimental classical/art music to have power. I love how Oliveira's irony and odd sincerity are woven together, in this passage, with the exodus of the other concert-goers and the manic desperation of pianist Berthe Trépat; it's masterfully done. [Alix Alix is the ostensible composer of the piece.]
When Cortázar gets into full story-telling mode, his prose is crisp and his sense of humor wicked. His longer chapters tended to be my favorites for this reason: given time to build up the absurdity of his situations and the strength of his narrative voice, he invariably left me in stitches. I have so many favorite scenes in this regard: the extended piano recital and subsequent walk home in the rain; the scene in which Horacio and Traveler build a plank "bridge" across the alley separating their apartment buildings; the several "expendable" chapters in which Traveler and Talita get hysterical over a book of crackpot political science; the early OCD-esque scene in which Oliveira tells us that he always feels compelled to personally pick up anything he drops or "something terrible will happen" to a person he loves whose name begins with the same letter as the dropped object (followed by a gut-busting account of dropping a sugar cube in a restaurant). Only occasionally did I feel like Cortázar was overdoing the absurdism; in his narrative chapters he generally strikes just that hard-to-achieve balance of hilarity and cohesion. In this passage, for example, Horacio, back in Argentina, has become unaccountably obsessed with the idea of straightening out a bunch of bent nails in the sweltering afternoon sun.
I mean, brilliant, right? The way his mind plays with itself and revises its jokes and those revisions are intermingled with and affected by his physical environment. Delicious.
And, of course, I loved Cortázar's unremitting experimentalism. He really is a stylistic master; in addition to the obvious structural oddness of Hopscotch there is a chapter which gives us interposed lines of text as Horacio tries to read a book while his mind is on other things; an "erotic" chapter told in a nonsense language invented by La Maga; exuberant alternation among various first- and third-person points of view; and much more. Of all these things, I could not get enough.
2. Things that Bored and Offended Me
I know we're dealing with South American Lit from the 1960s here, but Cortázar's level of animosity toward women in this novel really got to me. Not only is La Maga the stereotype of the ignorant/uneducated yet "intuitive" female (dear lord, if I never read another example of "I swim in the river / she IS the river," bullshit, I will die happy). Not only does the most interesting woman in the book gain her author's approval by ridiculing other, "normal" females for her husband's voyeuristic pleasure as he hides in the closet. Not only that, but through Morelli we are introduced to the concept of the undesirable "female-reader," the lazy person who doesn't want to do any work while reading:
Okay! Fuck you too, Julio.
It's only fair to remark that the hypothetical "female-reader" seems actually to be male, but a male who is inappropriately effeminate (by which Cortázar seems to mean passive, rather than active) in his approach to reading and literature. I'm not sure if that makes it better or worse. The idea that women are all right as long as they act like one of the boys is mirrored elsewhere in Hopscotch, so it makes a perverse kind of sense that men would only be acceptable as long as they don't act like women. I might go so far as to point out that using a word like "female" when what you really mean is "lazy" or "passive" is a pretty lazy lingual trick in itself, although I'm not sure how Spanish-to-English translation may have affected the "female-reader" term. I assume, however, that the "female" portion of it was not invented by the translator out of whole cloth.
Even more disturbing, there are a number of passages that seem either to make light of, or to actually praise, rape and sexual abuse. In one scene, Club member Ossip badgers La Maga into telling him about her early life in Montevideo, including a grisly rape. She doesn't want to talk about it, but eventually acquiesces - after which, club members make fun of how she "always" tells the story, belittle the seriousness of the experience, and offer joking compliments to the rapist ("That Negro was quite a guy."). (And yes, the depiction of the rape also struck me as fairly racist, incorporating the tired stereotype of the drooling, animalistic black man living in squalor and attacking an innocent, pubescent white girl.) Later on, the narrator speaks of La Maga's rapist having "dirtied and exalted" her body. Let's be clear, people: rape does not "exalt" anybody or anything. And that's not even to mention the scene in which Oliveira feels all proud of himself for "mistreating" and objectifying La Maga while having sex with her, and worries that as a result she will feel for him "that most subtle form of gratitude which turns to doglike love." This scene also features the cringe-worthy phrase "that ultimate work of knowledge which only a man can give to a woman" - which refers, nonsensically enough, to cunnilingus. Um. Dude is bohemian, but apparently not quite bohemian enough.
The narrator's/author's relationship to the characters is uneasy, and he definitely doesn't condone all their actions or attitudes. Oliveira is firmly an antihero, not a hero. However, even if half the misogyny in the novel can be passed off as thoughtful commentary on Horacio's machismo, what remains still goes beyond the normal range of casual sexism I'm ready to overlook on the basis of cultural differences. Although I hardly ever stop reading a book partway through, it grossed me out enough that I considered not reading any further. Overall I'm glad I continued; toward the end, the Talita character even began to recoup some of the respect I lost for Cortázar during the first three quarters of the book. Still, these attitudes severely tarnished my enjoyment of the novel as a whole, and Talita's assertions that she's "nobody's zombie" were, in my opinion, too little, too late.
(Whew!)
My other main complaint is that, while much of Cortázar's narration is riveting, he does sometimes cross a line into sophomoric pseudo-intellectualism reminiscent of a stoned high-school student. To wit:
Duuuude...turn up the Zappa and pass that j!
Sometimes this kind of thing is present intentionally, to demonstrate Oliveira's pretension or intoxication, but at other times it seems sincere - and goes on, I might add, for pages and pages at a time. I think the problem is that there's a lot of Cortázar in Oliveira and Morelli. So while Cortázar is sometimes showing Oliveira/Morelli as a sophomoric windbag, at other times Cortázar himself is a sophomoric windbag. It's that much more painful because there's tangible evidence, sometimes on the previous PAGE, that the guy is a creative genius when he wants to be. Does he include all the faux philosophizing as the dreck that will make his gem-like narrative chapters shine all the brighter? If so, I hardly think it was necessary.
3. Effects of the Narrative Structure
I didn't want to write a Hopscotch review that ignored the psychological effects of zig-zagging through a text according to an unpredictable, non-linear program. The first thing I noticed was that flipping through the book after every chapter (and many chapters are quite short) obviously disrupts the reading experience. It's more difficult to get into the swing of things if one is constantly paging around, which makes Cortázar's occasional longer chapters, with their concentrated bursts of narrative brilliance, that much more striking. On the flip side, finding a new location after almost every chapter also forces the reader to pause for a few seconds and think about the chapter she's just read. As I spent more time with Hopscotch, I came to an appreciation of this built-in period of contemplation. I found myself thinking about connections I might not have considered without the break, which made me a more female—excuse me, I mean ACTIVE—reader.
After I'd been reading a while, two more things hit me: constantly paging back and forth means both that the reader has no idea how far along she is in the novel, and that, insofar as normal "book time" still exists within the first 56 chapters, it moves incredibly slowly. For every ten pages one moves forward in Chapters 1-56, after all, one actually reads twenty. The end effect combines a feeling of frenetic back-and-forth with the sensation of impossibly slow-motion movement, like in those dreams where you're attempting to run against a tremendous, invisible resistance. Not only that, but the reader has little concept of event sequences. In most books, I can read a scene that reminds me of another passage earlier in the novel, think to myself "Oh, that was about 50 pages ago," or "Oh, that was before X event and before Y," and locate it successfully. In Hopscotch I found myself taking copious notes in the back of the book, cataloging all the passages I loved and hated, out of the fear that if I didn't note them down I would likely never be able to find them again. It strikes me that this effect also mirrors the world of dreams, in which locations and events switch places or fail to turn up where they ought to be, and time plays tricks on the dreamer.
So too, the book messes with our sense of completeness: usually, one reads every page in a book, starting with the first and ending with the last--after which, one has read the whole thing. According to Cortázar's schema, though, there could easily be a chapter adrift in the text, unconnected with the overarching order of chapters, and the reader wouldn't necessarily realize she'd missed anything. In fact, that chapter is #55. If you're not paying attention (or insufficiently compulsive), and you're reading the "hopscotching" version of the book, you will miss Chapter 55 completely. Given the novel's preoccupation with Oliveira's and La Maga's compulsions, it's undeniably clever, if arguably obnoxious, of Cortázar to replicate the same behaviors in his readers.
Cortázar also uses his non-linearity to mimic psychological states in his characters and readers. Take Horacio's reaction to the disaster that befalls La Maga: leading up to the event, the chapters alternate fairly regularly, with one or two "expendable" chapters for every one "regular" chapter. There is then a long (and extremely uncomfortable) "regular" chapter (#28), followed by a barrage of 22 "expendable" chapters that send the reader flying back and forth between #154 and #63 before finally returning to #29. Similarly, within the narrative at that point, Horacio himself abandons La Maga to go on a week-long bender, and our "return" to Chapter 29 coincides with Horacio's return to their erstwhile apartment.
Similarly, Cortázar uses the structure to deprive the reader of any definitive "ending" to the novel. Normally, one can't help but privilege the final line of a book: it's the last, strongest impression, the one we remember as we walk away. But in the case of Hopscotch, where should that privilege settle? On the final page of the physical book, which one reads when one is only about halfway done? With the final page of Chapter 56, which ends the standard chapters? Or with the infinite recursive loop between Chapters 58 and 131, which ends the hopscotching version of the book? I admire Cortázar's commitment to exploring all the possibilities of this new format he invented, even if I wouldn't want to adopt it as the new default.
Some people (frustrated by the stoned high-school student sections I wrote about on Thursday) recommend taking Cortázar's first recommendation on reading this book over his second: to read only the standard chapters, skipping the expendable chapters and the more experimental hopscotching chronology. I disagree. They're often irritating, but in the end I found that Cortázar's odd structural choices really did enforce and deepen my experience of his novel's themes. The "adrift" Chapter 55 alone, when compared with the more fleshed-out version of the same events one gets in the expanded version, convinced me that I made the right choice, at least for myself.
And in the end...
After all that, I really have no summation to offer. The disappointing things in this novel did not cancel out the inspiring things, nor did the fascinating things make up for the offensive things. Obviously, I needed to spend an entire week of blogging to fully appreciate, exorcise, and process the reading of this book, and I will say this: it was unforgettable. show less
Hopscotch was an extremely complex and contradictory reading experience for me. So much so, actually, that my so-called "review" grew to an unacceptably epic length, and I decided to split it into three separate posts. I thought about pruning, but I really do feel the genuine need to write about all three of these topics, if only to get them out of my system. So here we go. I'm starting with the good, progressing to the bad, and ending up with the wacky.
1. Things that Inspired and Delighted Me
By far, the highlights of Hopscotch for me were the scenes in which Cortázar deals with music, compulsiveness, and the absurd. The Club's late-night blues-listening sessions were a special treat for me personally, as early blues (Ma Rainey, Memphis Minnie, Bessie Smith) are one of my own favorite musical genres, and I hardly ever get to read such lively prose involving them. Cortázar's descriptions of the smoky, boozy Paris apartment where the Club talks and listens to scratchy records into the wee hours reminded me a bit of Kerouac's late-night bop passages, except that I liked Cortázar's much better.
But it was Cortázar's depiction of the absurd avant-garde piano concert Oliveira stumbles into that really impressed me. Only in Kazuo Ishiguro's The Unconsoled have I come across such a lusty portrayal of modern "art" music--one that may revel in the absurdity of a particular performance, but still holds the concept of experimental classical/art music to have power. I love how Oliveira's irony and odd sincerity are woven together, in this passage, with the exodus of the other concert-goers and the manic desperation of pianist Berthe Trépat; it's masterfully done. [Alix Alix is the ostensible composer of the piece.]
In the two or three minutes that followed, Oliveira had some trouble in dividing his attention between the extraordinary stew that Berthe Trépat was boiling up at full steam and the furtive or forthright way in which young and old were leaving the concert. A mixture of Liszt and Rachmaninoff, the Pavan was the tiresome repetition of two or three themes which then got lost in innumerable variations, bits of bravura (rather poorly played, with holes and stitching everywhere) and the solemnities of a catafalque upon a caisson, broken by the sudden fireworks which seemed to delight the mysterious Alix Alix. Once or twice Oliveira was worried that the towering Salammbô hairdo of Berthe Trépat would suddenly collapse, but who knows how many hairpins were reinforcing it, amidst the rumble and tumble of the Pavan. The orgiastic arpeggios which announced the end came on, and three themes were successively repeated (one of which had been lifted bodily from Strauss's Don Juan), and Berthe Trépat let the chords rain down with growing intensity, modified by the hysterical repetition of the first theme and two chords composed of the gravest notes, the last of which came out markedly false for the right hand, but it was something that could happen to anyone and Oliveira applauded warmly; he had really enjoyed it.
When Cortázar gets into full story-telling mode, his prose is crisp and his sense of humor wicked. His longer chapters tended to be my favorites for this reason: given time to build up the absurdity of his situations and the strength of his narrative voice, he invariably left me in stitches. I have so many favorite scenes in this regard: the extended piano recital and subsequent walk home in the rain; the scene in which Horacio and Traveler build a plank "bridge" across the alley separating their apartment buildings; the several "expendable" chapters in which Traveler and Talita get hysterical over a book of crackpot political science; the early OCD-esque scene in which Oliveira tells us that he always feels compelled to personally pick up anything he drops or "something terrible will happen" to a person he loves whose name begins with the same letter as the dropped object (followed by a gut-busting account of dropping a sugar cube in a restaurant). Only occasionally did I feel like Cortázar was overdoing the absurdism; in his narrative chapters he generally strikes just that hard-to-achieve balance of hilarity and cohesion. In this passage, for example, Horacio, back in Argentina, has become unaccountably obsessed with the idea of straightening out a bunch of bent nails in the sweltering afternoon sun.
"God, it's cold," Oliveira said to himself, because he was a great believer in autosuggestion. Sweat was pouring over his eyes out of his hair and it was impossible to hold a nail with the hump up because the lightest blow of the hammer would make it slip out of his fingers which were all wet (from the cold) and the nail would pinch him again and he would mash his fingers (from the cold). To make things worse, the sun had begun to shine with full force into the room (it was the moon on snow-covered steppes, and he whistled to goad the horses pulling against their harnesses), by three o'clock the whole place was covered with snow, he would let himself freeze until he got to that sleepy state described so well and maybe even brought about in Slavic stories, and his body would be entombed in the man-killing whiteness of the livid flowers of space. That was pretty good: the livid flowers of space. Right then he hit himself full on the thumb with the hammer. The coldness that had got into him was so intense that he had to roll around on the ground in an attempt to fight off the stiffness that was coming on him from the fact that he was freezing up. When he managed to sit upright waving his hand around, he was wet from head to toe, probably from the melting snow or from that light drizzle that was mingling with the livid flowers of space and refreshed the wolves as it fell on their fur.
I mean, brilliant, right? The way his mind plays with itself and revises its jokes and those revisions are intermingled with and affected by his physical environment. Delicious.
And, of course, I loved Cortázar's unremitting experimentalism. He really is a stylistic master; in addition to the obvious structural oddness of Hopscotch there is a chapter which gives us interposed lines of text as Horacio tries to read a book while his mind is on other things; an "erotic" chapter told in a nonsense language invented by La Maga; exuberant alternation among various first- and third-person points of view; and much more. Of all these things, I could not get enough.
2. Things that Bored and Offended Me
I know we're dealing with South American Lit from the 1960s here, but Cortázar's level of animosity toward women in this novel really got to me. Not only is La Maga the stereotype of the ignorant/uneducated yet "intuitive" female (dear lord, if I never read another example of "I swim in the river / she IS the river," bullshit, I will die happy). Not only does the most interesting woman in the book gain her author's approval by ridiculing other, "normal" females for her husband's voyeuristic pleasure as he hides in the closet. Not only that, but through Morelli we are introduced to the concept of the undesirable "female-reader," the lazy person who doesn't want to do any work while reading:
...the type that doesn't want any problems, but rather solutions, or false and alien problems that will allow him to suffer comfortably seated in his chair, without compromising himself in the drama that should also be his.
Okay! Fuck you too, Julio.
It's only fair to remark that the hypothetical "female-reader" seems actually to be male, but a male who is inappropriately effeminate (by which Cortázar seems to mean passive, rather than active) in his approach to reading and literature. I'm not sure if that makes it better or worse. The idea that women are all right as long as they act like one of the boys is mirrored elsewhere in Hopscotch, so it makes a perverse kind of sense that men would only be acceptable as long as they don't act like women. I might go so far as to point out that using a word like "female" when what you really mean is "lazy" or "passive" is a pretty lazy lingual trick in itself, although I'm not sure how Spanish-to-English translation may have affected the "female-reader" term. I assume, however, that the "female" portion of it was not invented by the translator out of whole cloth.
Even more disturbing, there are a number of passages that seem either to make light of, or to actually praise, rape and sexual abuse. In one scene, Club member Ossip badgers La Maga into telling him about her early life in Montevideo, including a grisly rape. She doesn't want to talk about it, but eventually acquiesces - after which, club members make fun of how she "always" tells the story, belittle the seriousness of the experience, and offer joking compliments to the rapist ("That Negro was quite a guy."). (And yes, the depiction of the rape also struck me as fairly racist, incorporating the tired stereotype of the drooling, animalistic black man living in squalor and attacking an innocent, pubescent white girl.) Later on, the narrator speaks of La Maga's rapist having "dirtied and exalted" her body. Let's be clear, people: rape does not "exalt" anybody or anything. And that's not even to mention the scene in which Oliveira feels all proud of himself for "mistreating" and objectifying La Maga while having sex with her, and worries that as a result she will feel for him "that most subtle form of gratitude which turns to doglike love." This scene also features the cringe-worthy phrase "that ultimate work of knowledge which only a man can give to a woman" - which refers, nonsensically enough, to cunnilingus. Um. Dude is bohemian, but apparently not quite bohemian enough.
The narrator's/author's relationship to the characters is uneasy, and he definitely doesn't condone all their actions or attitudes. Oliveira is firmly an antihero, not a hero. However, even if half the misogyny in the novel can be passed off as thoughtful commentary on Horacio's machismo, what remains still goes beyond the normal range of casual sexism I'm ready to overlook on the basis of cultural differences. Although I hardly ever stop reading a book partway through, it grossed me out enough that I considered not reading any further. Overall I'm glad I continued; toward the end, the Talita character even began to recoup some of the respect I lost for Cortázar during the first three quarters of the book. Still, these attitudes severely tarnished my enjoyment of the novel as a whole, and Talita's assertions that she's "nobody's zombie" were, in my opinion, too little, too late.
(Whew!)
My other main complaint is that, while much of Cortázar's narration is riveting, he does sometimes cross a line into sophomoric pseudo-intellectualism reminiscent of a stoned high-school student. To wit:
And Time? Everything begins again, there is no absolute. Then there must be feed or feces, everything becomes critical again. Desire every so often, never too different and always something else: a trick of time to create illusions. 'A love like a fire which burns eternally in the contemplation of Totality.'"
Duuuude...turn up the Zappa and pass that j!
Sometimes this kind of thing is present intentionally, to demonstrate Oliveira's pretension or intoxication, but at other times it seems sincere - and goes on, I might add, for pages and pages at a time. I think the problem is that there's a lot of Cortázar in Oliveira and Morelli. So while Cortázar is sometimes showing Oliveira/Morelli as a sophomoric windbag, at other times Cortázar himself is a sophomoric windbag. It's that much more painful because there's tangible evidence, sometimes on the previous PAGE, that the guy is a creative genius when he wants to be. Does he include all the faux philosophizing as the dreck that will make his gem-like narrative chapters shine all the brighter? If so, I hardly think it was necessary.
3. Effects of the Narrative Structure
I didn't want to write a Hopscotch review that ignored the psychological effects of zig-zagging through a text according to an unpredictable, non-linear program. The first thing I noticed was that flipping through the book after every chapter (and many chapters are quite short) obviously disrupts the reading experience. It's more difficult to get into the swing of things if one is constantly paging around, which makes Cortázar's occasional longer chapters, with their concentrated bursts of narrative brilliance, that much more striking. On the flip side, finding a new location after almost every chapter also forces the reader to pause for a few seconds and think about the chapter she's just read. As I spent more time with Hopscotch, I came to an appreciation of this built-in period of contemplation. I found myself thinking about connections I might not have considered without the break, which made me a more female—excuse me, I mean ACTIVE—reader.
After I'd been reading a while, two more things hit me: constantly paging back and forth means both that the reader has no idea how far along she is in the novel, and that, insofar as normal "book time" still exists within the first 56 chapters, it moves incredibly slowly. For every ten pages one moves forward in Chapters 1-56, after all, one actually reads twenty. The end effect combines a feeling of frenetic back-and-forth with the sensation of impossibly slow-motion movement, like in those dreams where you're attempting to run against a tremendous, invisible resistance. Not only that, but the reader has little concept of event sequences. In most books, I can read a scene that reminds me of another passage earlier in the novel, think to myself "Oh, that was about 50 pages ago," or "Oh, that was before X event and before Y," and locate it successfully. In Hopscotch I found myself taking copious notes in the back of the book, cataloging all the passages I loved and hated, out of the fear that if I didn't note them down I would likely never be able to find them again. It strikes me that this effect also mirrors the world of dreams, in which locations and events switch places or fail to turn up where they ought to be, and time plays tricks on the dreamer.
So too, the book messes with our sense of completeness: usually, one reads every page in a book, starting with the first and ending with the last--after which, one has read the whole thing. According to Cortázar's schema, though, there could easily be a chapter adrift in the text, unconnected with the overarching order of chapters, and the reader wouldn't necessarily realize she'd missed anything. In fact, that chapter is #55. If you're not paying attention (or insufficiently compulsive), and you're reading the "hopscotching" version of the book, you will miss Chapter 55 completely. Given the novel's preoccupation with Oliveira's and La Maga's compulsions, it's undeniably clever, if arguably obnoxious, of Cortázar to replicate the same behaviors in his readers.
Cortázar also uses his non-linearity to mimic psychological states in his characters and readers. Take Horacio's reaction to the disaster that befalls La Maga: leading up to the event, the chapters alternate fairly regularly, with one or two "expendable" chapters for every one "regular" chapter. There is then a long (and extremely uncomfortable) "regular" chapter (#28), followed by a barrage of 22 "expendable" chapters that send the reader flying back and forth between #154 and #63 before finally returning to #29. Similarly, within the narrative at that point, Horacio himself abandons La Maga to go on a week-long bender, and our "return" to Chapter 29 coincides with Horacio's return to their erstwhile apartment.
Similarly, Cortázar uses the structure to deprive the reader of any definitive "ending" to the novel. Normally, one can't help but privilege the final line of a book: it's the last, strongest impression, the one we remember as we walk away. But in the case of Hopscotch, where should that privilege settle? On the final page of the physical book, which one reads when one is only about halfway done? With the final page of Chapter 56, which ends the standard chapters? Or with the infinite recursive loop between Chapters 58 and 131, which ends the hopscotching version of the book? I admire Cortázar's commitment to exploring all the possibilities of this new format he invented, even if I wouldn't want to adopt it as the new default.
Some people (frustrated by the stoned high-school student sections I wrote about on Thursday) recommend taking Cortázar's first recommendation on reading this book over his second: to read only the standard chapters, skipping the expendable chapters and the more experimental hopscotching chronology. I disagree. They're often irritating, but in the end I found that Cortázar's odd structural choices really did enforce and deepen my experience of his novel's themes. The "adrift" Chapter 55 alone, when compared with the more fleshed-out version of the same events one gets in the expanded version, convinced me that I made the right choice, at least for myself.
And in the end...
After all that, I really have no summation to offer. The disappointing things in this novel did not cancel out the inspiring things, nor did the fascinating things make up for the offensive things. Obviously, I needed to spend an entire week of blogging to fully appreciate, exorcise, and process the reading of this book, and I will say this: it was unforgettable. show less
I read this in the normal order, which feels a bit like reviewing a maze after only walking through one corridor.
The premise should be gimmicky. Somehow it isn't. It's dense, stream-of-consciousness, and full of the sort of conversations that make you wonder whether everyone involved is a genius, insufferable, or both. The whole thing feels like a group of intellectuals talking past one another in a café while accidentally producing literature.
Dense, meandering, frequently confusing, and show more best approached in a particular state of mind (I found a glass of wine helped considerably). I suspect this book improves in direct proportion to your willingness to surrender to it.
I enjoyed it enough that I now want a physical copy so I can read it again in hopscotch order and discover whether I missed the point entirely the first time. Whether that will clarify things or simply confuse me more remains to be seen. show less
The premise should be gimmicky. Somehow it isn't. It's dense, stream-of-consciousness, and full of the sort of conversations that make you wonder whether everyone involved is a genius, insufferable, or both. The whole thing feels like a group of intellectuals talking past one another in a café while accidentally producing literature.
Dense, meandering, frequently confusing, and show more best approached in a particular state of mind (I found a glass of wine helped considerably). I suspect this book improves in direct proportion to your willingness to surrender to it.
I enjoyed it enough that I now want a physical copy so I can read it again in hopscotch order and discover whether I missed the point entirely the first time. Whether that will clarify things or simply confuse me more remains to be seen. show less
At once meditative, playful, literary, quirky, erotic, imaginative, and even modestly paranoic, this delightful book chronicles a journey Cortázar and Dunlop made in May and June of 1982 along the autoroute from Paris to Marseille stopping at every rest stop at the rate of two per day. Why did they do this? Initially, the idea came to them as a way to escape the responsibilities, especially phone calls and mail, that confronted them in Paris, and also perhaps a certain psychological gloom, show more but as ideas will, it evolved, and they came to see it as a an expedition inspired by those of the early European explorers and resolved to scientifically document their observations. They traveled in their VW van, nicknamed Fafner the dragon, which was outfitted with a refrigerator and a jerry can of water, along with other supplies including food, liquor, books. and cassette tapes. They arranged for a few friends to meet them along the way for companionship and fresh food (they also ate occasionally in restaurants at the rest stops and stayed overnight in hotels at the stops).
What was perhaps most surprising to me is how frequent the rest stops on this highway are. In the logs that detail each day -- times of arising and travel, as well as of other interesting events, information about each rest stop, their meals, the temperature and weather, etc. -- it seems to take about 15 minutes to get from one rest area to another. Thus, they spent most of their time in rest areas, not on the autoroute. This gave them ample time for exploration, reading, writing (they brought two typewriters with them), and enjoying their freedom and the opportunity to be only with each other. In addition to the logs, and the descriptions of what they saw at the rest areas, this book includes forays into fiction, meditations on everything from music to love, visits from imaginary characters, photographs, and illustrations (drawn by Dunlop's son). Every page is both deeply personal and addressed to the reader -- they knew from the beginning that they would write a book about the trip.
Thus their journey was a search for happiness, as well as an exploration of the rest areas. They call each other by their pet names, La Osita (little bear) for her, El Lobo (the wolf) for him, and their affection for each other shines through the writing. At one point they mention a bet two of their friends made about whether they would complete the trip, one hypothesizing that they would squabble and separately return to Paris. Instead, the trip seems to have deepened their love for each other, perhaps (although this isn't clear) knowing that Dunlop was ill and would die, tragically early, the next year, before the book could be completed. While each wrote different sections, it is sometimes difficult to know who wrote what.
In a way, the trip left them suspended in time (thus "timeless" in the subtitle), allowing them the illusion that life, like the autoroute, continues indefinitely. Hence their sadness when they arrived in Marseille and returned to "real" life. Speaking of the deeper meanings some of their friends attempted to hang on the trip upon their return to Paris, Cortázar writes:
"All that dazzled us a bit, but most of all we found it funny, because we'd never conceived nor realized the expedition with underlying intentions. It was a game for a little Bear and a Wolf, and that's what it was for thirty-three wondrous days. Faced with disturbing questions, we said many times that if we'd had those possibilities in mind, the expedition would have been something else, perhaps better or worse but never that advance in happiness and love from which we emerged so fulfilled that nothing, afterwards, even admirable travels and hours of perfect harmony, could surpass that month outside of time, that interior month where we knew for the first and last time what absolute happiness was." pp. 351-352 show less
What was perhaps most surprising to me is how frequent the rest stops on this highway are. In the logs that detail each day -- times of arising and travel, as well as of other interesting events, information about each rest stop, their meals, the temperature and weather, etc. -- it seems to take about 15 minutes to get from one rest area to another. Thus, they spent most of their time in rest areas, not on the autoroute. This gave them ample time for exploration, reading, writing (they brought two typewriters with them), and enjoying their freedom and the opportunity to be only with each other. In addition to the logs, and the descriptions of what they saw at the rest areas, this book includes forays into fiction, meditations on everything from music to love, visits from imaginary characters, photographs, and illustrations (drawn by Dunlop's son). Every page is both deeply personal and addressed to the reader -- they knew from the beginning that they would write a book about the trip.
Thus their journey was a search for happiness, as well as an exploration of the rest areas. They call each other by their pet names, La Osita (little bear) for her, El Lobo (the wolf) for him, and their affection for each other shines through the writing. At one point they mention a bet two of their friends made about whether they would complete the trip, one hypothesizing that they would squabble and separately return to Paris. Instead, the trip seems to have deepened their love for each other, perhaps (although this isn't clear) knowing that Dunlop was ill and would die, tragically early, the next year, before the book could be completed. While each wrote different sections, it is sometimes difficult to know who wrote what.
In a way, the trip left them suspended in time (thus "timeless" in the subtitle), allowing them the illusion that life, like the autoroute, continues indefinitely. Hence their sadness when they arrived in Marseille and returned to "real" life. Speaking of the deeper meanings some of their friends attempted to hang on the trip upon their return to Paris, Cortázar writes:
"All that dazzled us a bit, but most of all we found it funny, because we'd never conceived nor realized the expedition with underlying intentions. It was a game for a little Bear and a Wolf, and that's what it was for thirty-three wondrous days. Faced with disturbing questions, we said many times that if we'd had those possibilities in mind, the expedition would have been something else, perhaps better or worse but never that advance in happiness and love from which we emerged so fulfilled that nothing, afterwards, even admirable travels and hours of perfect harmony, could surpass that month outside of time, that interior month where we knew for the first and last time what absolute happiness was." pp. 351-352 show less
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