Byron Farwell (1921–1999)

The long reign of queen Victoria (1837-1901) saw Great Britain involved in few major wars* but a great many minor ones. Farwell's business here is telling not quite the history of them, but a selection of histories from them. Little attention is paid to the political background of wars, and the fighting itself is described with wildly varying degrees of detail, with some battles and incidents zoomed in on for detailed observation, with others, often more important but in Farwell's judgment show more less interesting or illustrative, get dealt with in a sentence or two.

Farwell's greatest interest is in the psychology and character of the British officer class, and a great many mini-biographies are included, mostly of men who rose to high rank. While he characterizes them as a bloodthirsty lot and typically neither too bright nor well educated, he clearly felt a good deal of affinity for them.

Written in 1972, the book inevitably feels a bit like a historical artefact itself now, but it's a well-written popular history, and while a present-day author would be likely to take a different perspective on various issues, I don't think they'd disagree on many points of fact.

* Farwell at one point says that the Indian Mutiny was the only one, but to my mind the Crimean War should also count. show less

The structure of this book is somewhat similar to Farwell's "Mr. Kipling's Army," in that it logically moves through both history and the structure of an army; in this case, the Indian Army of the era between the Great Mutiny and Independence. One of the major surprises for me in this book is Farwell's hostility toward Gandhi and Nehru. There is something to be said for this, considering the effects of that duo's policies and politics, but it's still very rare to see both of them critiqued show more so harshly. The British don't escape unscathed, either, considering their attitudes towards the Indians. Recommended. show less

Summary:

Prisoners of the Mahdi tells two stories set in late 19th century Sudan. The dramatic rise to religious and temporal power of the Mahdi, a Sudanese man claiming to be the redeemer of Islam, provides the first tale and sets the background for the second, the stories of three European captives each held for at least ten years under often brutal conditions. The Mahdi expels the Egyptian/Ottoman/British powers from the Sudan in 1884, a victory that includes the martyring death at show more Khartoum of General `Chinese' Gordon. The British return under Kitchener to avenge Gordon and retake control of the Nile form source to sea. A fascinating read about a now obscure, but previously hugely popular part of the history of the British Empire.

Full Review:

Prisoners of the Mahdi first traces the meteoric rise of an ordinary Sudanese Muslim. On June 29, 1881, this fellow, Muhammad Ahmed, proclaimed himself to be the Mahdi, the messianic redeemer of Islam, the second coming of the prophet in 1881. With his extreme religious fervor he managed to build an army of followers and begins to take control of the Sudan. At the time, the Sudan was nominally under control of the Ottoman Empire through the Khedive of Egypt. In reality, although the lines of authority were intentionally muddied, the British Empire had the final say through its consul in Cairo, the aptly titled `controller-general' Evelyn Baring.

The Khedive, exercising a modicum of independence had extended Egyptian (`Turco') authority into the Sudan and it was his fight against this authority that helped the Mahdi gain traction. The Mahdi's army of ansars (followers) has won some small skirmishes and then took control of Darfur after annihilating a British-led Egyptian army. Baring sensibly recommended that Egypt simply withdraw from the Sudan. The British didn't want it and there was little enough there for anyone.

Prime Minister Gladstone agreed, but the war party within his own government managed to push the through the appointment of General `Chinese' Gordon to just go have a look around and oversee the Egyptian pullback. Baring twice refused to accept the appointment, but finally gave in - to the regret of many. A less suitable candidate for such a role than Gordon is difficult to imagine (George Patton?).

Once on the scene Gordon inevitably decided that Khartoum must be held at all costs. The Mahdi soon laid siege to the city. Gladstone dithered before sending a relief force that managed to arrive two days too late. Khartoum was sacked. Gordon was killed and attained a heroic martyr status that lasted in England for decades. (As Farwell tells it, Lytton Strachey's Eminent Victorians did for Gordon's reputation - deservedly so in my opinion). The sacking of Khartoum led to the sacking of Gladstone. The Sudan was now entirely in the hands of the Mahdi and became the Madihya.

At this point, Farwell turns to the second part of his story, the tales of three European captives of the Mahdi: Austrian soldier/adventurer Rudolph Slatin, Catholic priest Father Joseph Ohrwalder, and German merchant trader Charles Neufeld. (Farwell is also a captive of sorts because of source limitations; these three subjects provide very nearly everything that was known about their own captivity.) Each was held captive for 10 years. Farwell gives Slatin an extended treatment and deservedly so because Slatin's story holds the most interest by far. Slatin, who had quickly become a leading official in Egyptian-held Sudan, also quickly decided that the best course in captivity was total submissiveness (For example, he professed a conversion to Islam, possibly sincerely). It worked - more or less - and he held a seat close to the center of power especially under the Mahdi's successor or The Khalifa. He could observe, but was never really trusted by the Khalifa and lived in fear of his life.

Ohrwalder's and Neufeld's stories are told more briefly and hold interest primarily by demonstrating the depths of cruelty that humans will subject one another to if they have the power to do so and the ability of humans to endure prolonged cruelty and privation. Neufeld in particular refused to cooperate in any degree and suffered accordingly. Ohrwalder's exciting escape story, and Neufeld's poor treatment upon in release.

Ironically, their post-captivity lives mirrored their success in captivity. Slatin went to a much-decorated career, being told at one point by King Edward VII that he would have to pin the Slatin's next medal on his hindquarters. Ohrwalder's role in the church was limited (presumably due his taking two wives and fathering at least one child in captivity, a fact that Farwell mysteriously seems to miss). Neufeld was suspected as a collaborator, a 180 from reality. Perhaps these fates reflect the men's inherent ability to flourish (or not) in any society - or perhaps it reflects something about the nature of power.

Farwell closes the book by briefly relating how the British retook the Sudan. After a hiatus of some eleven years, the British sent in the army under Kitchener to retake the Sudan for reasons having more to do with the `scramble for Africa' and control of the Nile than anything else.

Prisoners of the Mahdi is an excellent telling of a now obscure, but once hugely popular bit of history. The book's main limitations are from limited source material and Farwell's now-somewhat anachronistic viewpoint (the book was authored in 1967). Bearing those two shortcomings in mind and the reader interested in history has a tremendously fascinating tale in store. show less

Apparently there were wars going on during every one of Queen Victoria's years on the throne from 1837 to 1901. Some were major ones that everyone has heard of - the Zulu, Ashanti, Sudanese and Boer wars in Africa, the Crimean War, the Indian Mutiny, various campaigns in Afghanistan, etc - but many smaller conflicts have faded into the mists of time and the author admits that the list in his appendix may not be complete.

The book is a bit of a hodge-podge, but none the worse for that. Farwell show more does not attempt to be systematic, but focuses on items of interest. At times it seems he focuses a bit too much on individual officers, and one wonders whether this book is a spin-off from another of his works, Eminent Victorian Soldiers. But he manages to give a flavour of the British officer class, the regimental system, and life in the army.

One gets the impression that Farwell is intensely interested in all this, but he is no jingo and gently mocks the 19th century military establishment. show less