
Gerhard Ritter (1888–1967)
Author of Frederick the Great: A Historical Profile
Series
Works by Gerhard Ritter
The Sword and the Scepter. Vol. IV: The Reign of German Militarism and the Disaster of 1918 (1973) 12 copies
The Sword and the Scepter. Vol. II: The European Powers and the Wilhelminian Empire, 1890-1914 (1972) 10 copies
The Sword and the Scepter. Vol. III: The Tragedy of Statesmanship - Bethmann Hollweg As War Chancellor, 1914-1918 (1972) 8 copies
Gerhard Ritter: Ein politischer Historiker in seinen Briefen (Schriften des Bundesarchivs) (German Edition) (1984) 2 copies
El problema ético del poder 2 copies
Die Heidelberger Universität im Mittelalter (1386-1508) : ein Stück deutscher Geschichte (1986) 2 copies
Europa und die deutsche Frage; Betrachtungen über die geschichtliche Eigenart des deutschen Staatsdenkens 1 copy, 1 review
Luther: his life and work 1 copy
Associated Works
Tagged
Common Knowledge
- Birthdate
- 1888-04-06
- Date of death
- 1967-07-01
- Gender
- male
- Nationality
- Germany
- Birthplace
- Bad Sooden-Allendorf, Germany
- Place of death
- Freiburg, Germany
- Associated Place (for map)
- Germany
Members
Reviews
Gerhard Ritter, the one time dean of German historians, led a controversial and event-laden life, especially for an academic. A brief flirtation with Nazism eventually evolved into opposition and involvement in the July 1944 plot to assassinate Hitler. He escaped execution but not imprisonment.
In his writings, Ritter always maintained a traditionalist, conservative approach. This became a fervant cause following World War II, when he built upon prior theses that defended German nationalism show more and criticized democratic institutions. Part of that argument can be seen in this volume. For Ritter, the French Revolution ushered in an era of radicalization, especially of radicalized militarism. And Germany was no different from France or other European expansionist powers. It would be the German defeat in World War I and the unleashing of what Ritter considered radical populism expressed through democratic institutions that would make Hitler possible.
In this latter notion, Ritter essentially made the victors of World War I equally responsible for totalitarianism--not just in Germany but elsewhere in Europe, too. He was following a path first laid down during the interwar years, when it became fashionable among historians in general to argue that Europe had slid into World War I due to events beyond the ability of individual nations to control. Everyone was equally guilty.
All this would culminate in the 1960s with Ritter's opposition to and argument with Fritz Fischer, who held that Germany was uniquely responsible for the war.
Quite interesting today is that it is Ritter's notions that have held sway. Fischer remains somewhat hidden in the shadows. After more than 50 years, contemporary political aims regarding European unity have converged with Ritter's arguments defending German nationalism.
Note: I still have all four volumes of Ritter's history on my bookshelf. But even as the "equally guilty" thesis of First World War I "war guilt" has taken on permanent root, the individual merits and weaknesses of those historians involved in the debate have faded from view. Ritter and the others of his time dealt in political, economic, and military history organized around "great men." That approach is much out of fashion today. So even as Ritter sort of won the battle on the issue of war guilt, he and his works have largely begun to disappear, especially in the English speaking world. A pity. Because there is still much there to be learned. show less
In his writings, Ritter always maintained a traditionalist, conservative approach. This became a fervant cause following World War II, when he built upon prior theses that defended German nationalism show more and criticized democratic institutions. Part of that argument can be seen in this volume. For Ritter, the French Revolution ushered in an era of radicalization, especially of radicalized militarism. And Germany was no different from France or other European expansionist powers. It would be the German defeat in World War I and the unleashing of what Ritter considered radical populism expressed through democratic institutions that would make Hitler possible.
In this latter notion, Ritter essentially made the victors of World War I equally responsible for totalitarianism--not just in Germany but elsewhere in Europe, too. He was following a path first laid down during the interwar years, when it became fashionable among historians in general to argue that Europe had slid into World War I due to events beyond the ability of individual nations to control. Everyone was equally guilty.
All this would culminate in the 1960s with Ritter's opposition to and argument with Fritz Fischer, who held that Germany was uniquely responsible for the war.
Quite interesting today is that it is Ritter's notions that have held sway. Fischer remains somewhat hidden in the shadows. After more than 50 years, contemporary political aims regarding European unity have converged with Ritter's arguments defending German nationalism.
Note: I still have all four volumes of Ritter's history on my bookshelf. But even as the "equally guilty" thesis of First World War I "war guilt" has taken on permanent root, the individual merits and weaknesses of those historians involved in the debate have faded from view. Ritter and the others of his time dealt in political, economic, and military history organized around "great men." That approach is much out of fashion today. So even as Ritter sort of won the battle on the issue of war guilt, he and his works have largely begun to disappear, especially in the English speaking world. A pity. Because there is still much there to be learned. show less
Europa und die deutsche Frage; Betrachtungen über die geschichtliche Eigenart des deutschen Staatsdenkens by Gerhard Ritter
„Ritter versucht eine geschichtliche Einordnung des NS in die deutsche und europäische Geschichte. Gerade die Geschichtswissenschaft steht vor der Aufgabe, eine deutsche Identität wiederfinden zu helfen angesichts der Alternative: ‚entweder durch hemmungslose Selbstkritik, durch moralische Preisgabe seiner ganzen Vergangenheit alles Selbstvertrauen zu verlieren oder aber sich in hartnäckigem Trotz zu versteifen, sich damit abermals um die Früchte einer heilsamen politischen show more Selbstbesinnung zu bringen und das Mißtrauen der Welt erst vollends zu bestätigen.‘ (S.8) Ritter widerlegt die Theorie der Zwangsläufigkeit der deutschen Geschichte, die angeblich in gerade Linie von Luther über Bismarck zu Hitler geführt habe. Erscheinungen, die den NS begünstigten, hat es nach seiner Auffassung auch in anderen europäischen Staaten gegeben, auch der Hang zum totalitären Staat ist kein spezifisch deutsches Symptom. Trotzdem will Ritter, selbst wegen Beteiligung am konservativen Widerstand im KL, nicht entschuldigen, er will erklären. ‚Dennoch haben wir Deutschen allen Anlaß, in rücksichtsloser Selbstprüfung uns der besonderen Gefahren bewußt zu werden, die von jeher im deutschen Wesen gelegen haben mögen, die aber erst jetzt ganz deutlich erkennbar geworden sind.‘ (S. 199/200) Der allgemeine Verfall abendländischer Kultur ist nicht allein für das amoralische Politikverständnis vieler Deutscher verantwortlich zu machen. ‚Es wird schon sehr viel sein, wenn wir ein leidlich gesichertes Dasein als Kulturvolk retten können. Aber auch dazu bedarf es des Selbstvertrauens an Stelle mutloser Selbstverzweiflung.‘ (S. 200) – Ritter bleibt in klassischen Fragestellungen befangen: Fragen der Außen- und Machtpolitik dominieren die Untersuchung zur Entstehung und Entfaltung des NS; dabei bleiben grundlegende gesellschaftliche und wirtschaftliche Wandlungen weitgehend außer Betracht.“
Quelle: Cobet, Christoph [Hrsg.]: Deutschlands Erneuerung : 1945 - 1950 ; [bio-bibliogr. Dokumentation mit 433 Texten] / [Christoph Cobet]. Frankfurt am Main : Antiquariat Cobet 1985 show less
Quelle: Cobet, Christoph [Hrsg.]: Deutschlands Erneuerung : 1945 - 1950 ; [bio-bibliogr. Dokumentation mit 433 Texten] / [Christoph Cobet]. Frankfurt am Main : Antiquariat Cobet 1985 show less
Apr 8, 2015German
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Statistics
- Works
- 37
- Also by
- 1
- Members
- 288
- Popularity
- #81,141
- Rating
- 3.5
- Reviews
- 4
- ISBNs
- 38
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