Basil Davidson (1914–2010)

Here's an enlightening book, explaining why most Africa countries, following their independence, went down into violence, dictatorships, civil wars and, for some, even ethnical cleanings.

The thing was, the European conquest of Africa also had led to a sharing of the continent, where members of the same tribes and nations suddenly found themselves divided up, and under the leaderships of different oppressors. These divisions, sadly, were not only firmly in place under colonial rules; they show more remained once such rules ended. It's the Africa as we know it: with borders traced with rulers, with no care whatsoever having been given to the people concerned. The consequences, of course, would be catastrophic...

Denouncing colonial and neo-colonial policies, Basil Davidson, also, point fingers at African themselves, who were incapable (unwilling?) to fully free themselves from such disastrous heritage. Here the more tragic indeed: generations of racist ideologies might have peddled the bogus views that Africans had no culture, no history, no valid and relevant political systems of their own prior to the arrival of White colonialists, yet such bogus preconceptions, having been digested even by those leaders fighting independence, ended up as shaping, too, the fate of most countries post-independence.

It seems counter-intuitive, and yet: because most of such leaders had been educated in the Western world, they, too, would end up by exacerbating the nationalisms which had been created by their Whites masters. Not all countries were affected, of course! Ghana, for instance, managed to escape such bloody divisions despite having had made-up borders that had thrown Ga, Ewe, and Asante (three different people with different languages!) under the same flag. Others, though, would not be so lucky; and the bloodbaths in questions would define their history for decades to come... Nationalisms crumbled into tribalism; political institutions, already facing the paradox of having to function as their European counterparts while deserving African cultures, seeded clientelisms; and, more often than not, the State merely represented the interests of the ruling elite and their tribes (or clans) as opposed to that of their people as a whole!

Basil Davidson's is a damning picture, not only because he puts colonial powers face-to-face to with their responsibilities, but, also, because he doesn't exonerate Africans either, whom he shows as having been complicit in their own tragedy. It's a brilliant analysis. show less

A one volume survey of an entire content’s history from the pre-history to the book’s publication covering the rise and fall of multiple states and empires, ethnicities, and cultures up to the last decade of the twentieth century is an ambitious project, and Davidson succeeds wonderfully in this summary overview. Starting with the scholarship of the previous three to four decades, he debunks the racist myth of Africa as a content of ignorant savages that needed to be saved from show more themselves by “civilized” intervention from the north. He also convincingly challenges the idea that the civilizations on the Mediterranean coast were significantly different from those of Sub-Saharan Africa. Indeed, the desertification of the Sahara was the cause of civilization from the south to push north towards the delta of the Nile in Egypt.

Necessarily brief histories of the kingdoms and empires of Kush, Axum, the Berbers, are followed by the growth of trade along the western and eastern shore of the continent, the rise and decline of Nubia, Ghana, Kanem-Bornu, Mali, Songhay, and the impact of Christianity in Ethiopia and Nubia, and the larger impact of Islam on the rest of the continent. The development of what Davidson terms Mature Iron Age culture and the increase in trade across the Sahara and transoceanic trade on the eastern and western shores of the continent with Arabia, India, China, and finally Europe sparked trading stations that grew into immigrant settlements that gradually became a prelude to imperial conquest by the Ottoman Empire in the 16th century, and then by European empires in the 19th. This and the impact of the trans-Atlantic slave trade were huge destabilizing impacts on native African society and civilization. From them followed depopulation and loss of land. Which resulted in whole populations fleeing from the encroachment and involuntary servitude imposed by the new white settlers. This, in turn, brought them into conflict with the people of the interior and with each other. Desperate people, deposed of land, freedom, and the historical basis of their culture combined with racism became the myth of ignorant savages that needed to be saved from themselves.

The struggle against colonialism, and its consequences from the late 19th century to its fall in the second half of the 20th century make up the balance of the book. The impact of two world wars, with Africans pressed into service by their colonial masters helped accelerate its demise but did little to heal the injuries that it inflicted on the continent’s population. show less

It took awhile for my full attention to be absorbed by this history. I gathered that because of the paucity of material evidence for the earliest periods of West African history prior to 1000 A.D, historians, or Davidson, are forced to make many generalizations or assumptions. At times it felt like I was reading a Renaissance map of an unknown world. As the "flesh" of history became more abundant, the text became more engrossing. The epic of Sundiata, the emergence of Mali, Mansa Musa, and show more then the rise of the Songhay Empire were fascinating subjects. As Islam built and gained a foothold in the cities, it brought a literary culture and connections with the wider world. It also brought conflict between the cities (the power centers of empires) and the countryside (the traditonal, non-Islamic and often exploited tributaries of the empires). In the 15th c. the trade relationships with Europeans started peaceably and equitably with the Portugese, but slowly and insidiously, became an unequal relationship dependent on guns and slaves. This, with the decline of the Songhay Empire in particular, led to a shift in power centers from the inland to the coast and temporarily led to a decline in the advance of Islam. By the nineteenth century, new states and small empires formed of varying strength. The Asante Empire was one of the stronger confederations. While the slave trade had been abolished, Davidson made it clear that the tide of the European onslaught of Africa was becoming increasingly irresistible. The reader is set-up to brace themselves for that fateful carving of Africa by the end of the century. That subject is for another book. I think one of the main lessons of this history, rather than being a mere historical narrative of cultures, states and empires is that West Africa built thriving civilizations that were already connected to the outside world. These civilizations responded to outside influences in ways that were uniquely African. The trans-Atlantic slave trade brought a pressure on West Africa, like nothing it had ever seen before. After the slave trade was abolished, West African peoples began to reorganize themselves in ways capable of responding creatively to the emerging industrial world. In particular, the Asante appeared very close to producing something like the modern nation state. This gives a "what could have been" feeling while knowing full well that nearly all bits of West African land were eventually colonized by the same people the used to enslave and transport millions of its inhabitants far away from its shores. Basil Davidson's history, though written nearly sixty years ago, inspires me to study further the fascinating history of this impressive continent. The many maps throughout helped me to place the names of people groups in context. The Relative Dating Guide at the back of the book was also very helpful to place the names of Empires and Kings in their proper context. My only complaint is that the history is sometimes too speculative and when there appears to be nothing more to say on a subject, Davidson, resorts to "must haves" or makes generalizations that, for the casual reader, appear to be based on a single fact. show less

Written in 1959, this book is the first in an acclaimed series on Africa by Basil Davidson. It is a scholarly piece of work that describes the rise and fall of the glorious cities and kingdoms of an Africa of years past. In doing so, it dispels the many myths and hype created by foreign cultures, notably Europeans, around a land they did not know or understand and therefore dismissed as "The Dark Continent" (yet exploited and laid waste in ways that would seem unimaginably horrible to our show more "civilized" minds).

It was just past the middle of the 20th Century that a significant volume of archeological evidence finally started to unravel the mysteries of this vast land and its peoples. Davidson exploits this nascent body of evidence and also draws on older research studies and literature to take us through a journey through the many waves of human migration, settlement and empire-building – and demolition - that crisscrossed Africa over the last four thousand years or so. This book was written at a time when the body of knowledge about Africa was still very sketchy. It wouldn’t have been possible to tell a coherent story if it were to be based solely on proven and established fact. Therefore, Davidson attempts to fill some of the “missing links” based on folklore – mostly from ancient travelers - and his own “intelligent conjecture”. He succeeds in doing this without losing his credibility one bit, though, because every time he does this, he does not fail to express his self-doubt or reiterate the unreliable nature of the source of his information.

What has made this book most valuable to me is not just the fascinating glimpse it gives on the history of Africa. Even more so, it is the deeper questions about human endeavor and the nature of cultural growth that Davidson investigates even as he tries to understand how cultural evolution happened in Africa due to indigenous factors as well as foreign influence. He does not claim to know all the answers – in fact, I believe he raises more questions than he provides answers – and in doing so, he makes us think where we have all come from and how we humans have come to become what we are. show less