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Eric Hobsbawm (1917–2012)

Author of The Age of Extremes : A History of the World, 1914-1991

159+ Works 18,734 Members 158 Reviews 35 Favorited

About the Author

Eric Hobsbawm is a neo-Marxist historian of the Industrial Revolution who pays particular attention to the inequities toward the lower classes, especially in law and politics. (Bowker Author Biography)

Series

Works by Eric Hobsbawm

The Age of Revolution, 1789-1848 (1962) 2,849 copies, 32 reviews
The Age of Empire, 1875-1914 (1987) 2,074 copies, 12 reviews
The Age of Capital, 1848-1875 (1975) — Author — 2,047 copies, 12 reviews
The Invention of Tradition (1983) — Editor — 1,042 copies, 7 reviews
Interesting Times: a Twentieth-Century Life (2002) 654 copies, 8 reviews
On History (1997) 625 copies, 2 reviews
Bandits (1969) 516 copies, 2 reviews
How to Change the World: Tales of Marx and Marxism (2011) — Author — 437 copies, 5 reviews
On the Edge of the New Century (1999) 393 copies, 3 reviews
Primitive Rebels (1965) 367 copies, 1 review
Revolutionaries (1973) 327 copies, 1 review
Captain Swing (1969) 283 copies, 1 review
Globalisation, Democracy and Terrorism (2007) 198 copies, 2 reviews
The Jazz Scene (1975) 146 copies, 1 review
Workers: Worlds of Labor (1984) 94 copies
The French Revolution (1995) 55 copies, 2 reviews
On Nationalism (2021) 46 copies
Trilogía Hobsbawm (2000) 42 copies
Historia del marxismo (1979) 12 copies
History of Marxism, v. 3 (1997) 12 copies
Sobre el nacionalismo (2021) 9 copies
La fine dello Stato (2007) 8 copies
History of Marxism, v.4 (1978) 8 copies
Marx & L'Histoire (2008) 7 copies
Gelenegin Icadi (2006) 5 copies, 1 review
Tuhaf Zamanlar (2006) 4 copies
Imperialismi (2007) 4 copies
Marx vivo: la presenza di Karl Marx nel pensiero contemporaneo (1969) — Contributor — 4 copies, 1 review
BOX AS ERAS (2023) 3 copies
Tarih Üzerine (1999) 3 copies
Historia do Marxismo 7 (1983) 3 copies
Yeni y zy l n e i inde (2011) 2 copies
Il secolo breve 2 copies, 1 review
L'invent de la tradició (1988) 2 copies
Les Bandits (2008) 2 copies
Historia do Marxismo 5 (1984) 2 copies
Kapitalets tidsålder — Author — 1 copy
Eskiyalar (2011) 1 copy
Tarih Uzerine (2009) 1 copy
Pendits 1 copy
Haydutlar 1 copy

Associated Works

The Communist Manifesto (1848) — some editions — 17,912 copies, 163 reviews
Capital, Vol. 1: A Critique of Political Economy (1867) — Introduction, some editions — 3,227 copies, 30 reviews
The Condition of the Working Class in England (1844) — Introduction, some editions — 1,247 copies, 10 reviews
The Antonio Gramsci Reader: Selected Writings 1916-1935 (1988) — Introduction — 419 copies, 3 reviews
Pre-Capitalist Economic Formations (1965) — Introduction, some editions — 251 copies
The Transition from Feudalism to Capitalism (1953) — Contributor — 194 copies
Crisis in Europe, 1560-1660 (1965) — Contributor — 108 copies, 1 review
Visions of History (1983) — Contributor — 66 copies, 1 review
Antonio Gramsci, 1891-1937 (2005) — Introduction — 61 copies
Aspects of history and class consciousness (1971) — Contributor — 34 copies

Tagged

Common Knowledge

Members

Discussions

Eric Hobsbawm obituary in Pro and Con (October 2012)

Reviews

170 reviews
Hjaj, de szeretem én az ilyen könyveket. Amelyek képesek bemutatni egy korszakot, mintha az a Történelem Köldöke lenne, események és eszmék kevercse, amelyből a XXI. század úgy szökkent szárba, mint egy virág, egy krumpli vagy egy parlagfű. (A kívánt rész aláhúzandó.) Hobsbawm kötete pont ilyen: okos, sokrétegű, inspiráló elemzés az 1789 és 1848 közötti időszakról, amely a szerző értelmezésében felszámolta mindazt, ami addig volt, és új lapot nyitott. show more Persze mi magyarok talán úgy vagyunk vele, hogy '48-at elbuktuk, jött Haynau, a hiéna, no és a Szent Szövetség, szóval olyan nagyot nem profitáltunk a dologból, de nincs igazunk: bár a reakció ideiglenesen eltaposta a parazsat, valójában veszített, csak még nem vette észre. Mert a változások a felszín alatt visszafordíthatatlanok voltak.



Hobsbawm a „kettős forradalom” elméletéből indul ki. Az egyik Angliában formálódott, és ipari forradalom a böcsületes neve. Ez a folyamat teljesen átalakította a gazdaságot, nem csak a technikai fejlődés tekintetében, hanem gyakorlatilag minden szinten – beleértve az emberi gondolkodást is. Fajunk ugyanis fennállása óta tulajdonképpen először érezhette úgy, hogy a határ a csillagos ég, a természet pedig nem ura, hanem szolgája. A hihetetlen ipari fejlődés hihetetlen pénzbőséget eredményezett, felbontotta az arisztokrácia és a klérus monopóliumát, új, addig nem is létező osztályok számára nyitotta meg az érvényesülés útját. Persze ahogy Schumpeter is mondta, teremtés nincs rombolás nélkül, szóval volt, aki ráfaragott. Az ipari fejlődés ugyanis Angliában csak azért lehetett lehetséges, mert a lakosság zömét alkotó agrárnépességnek baromi rosszul ment a sora, és az éhhalál szélén tántorgott. Ezért volt hajlamos arra, hogy szerencsét próbáljon a gyárakban, soha ki nem fogyó munkaerőt biztosítva az iparnak*. Ez pedig egyfelől azzal járt, hogy a tradicionális életformák erodálódtak, ráadásul a munkásság a városokban olyan körülmények közé került, amely – meglehet – sokkal rosszabb (részben mert gyökértelenebb) volt, mint apái élete. Amiről elég Dickenst megkérdezni.


(Ez is füstöl. Csak máshogy.)

De most ugorjunk át a franciákra. Mert ha London vállalta a forradalom ipari részét, hát Párizs tett róla, hogy legyen a dolgoknak politikai vetülete is. Az 1789-es események elképzelhetetlenek lettek volna az ipari forradalom nélkül, ám valamilyen szinten kiteljesítették azt: megmutatták, hogy az a homályos, körvonalazatlan aktor, akit „népnek” nevezünk, nagyon is valóságos, és akarattal bír. És ha ennek az akaratnak a királyok az útjába állnak, akkor nagyon durci tud lenni. A Bastille elfoglalásától Napóleon bukásáig terjedő mozgalmas huszonegynéhány év földcsuszamlásszerű politikai változásokat hozott: bebizonyította, hogy az ún. „uralkodó osztályok” nem törvényszerűen, Isten rendeléséből azok, akik, hanem bizony behelyettesíthetők másokkal. Ez pedig olyan tapasztalatnak bizonyult, ami kitörölhetetlenül beleégett a társadalom tudatába, és idővel megszülte a demokráciát**. Mégpedig pont azért, mert sikeressége tagadhatatlan volt: ahogy Napóleon mozgósítani tudta egy eszme segítségével egész Franciaországot, gyakorlatilag elsöpörve az ócska, agg európai monarchiákat, jelezte, van mit tanulni tőle. Mert aki nem tanul, az bizony lemarad. És bár végül a Császárt legyűrték, de amíg ő Szent Ilonán nyaralt, vívmányai (a Polgári Törvénykönyv éppúgy, mint az általános sorozás rendszere) egyre több államban teret nyertek.

A kötet nagy erénye, hogy a két eseményt egymással folyamatos kölcsönhatásban lévő entitásként mutatja be, amelyek folyton folyvást megtermékenyítették egymást, így szülve újabb és újabb világformáló ideákat. Marx például ugyanúgy merített a francia forradalomból, mint az ipari forradalom liberális gurujának, Ricardónak a munkaérték-elméletéből – a kettő elegye pedig a Kommunista Kiáltvány lett. Vagy beszélhetünk a mi Pefőfinkről is, aki ugyanúgy el volt ájulva a vasúttól (az ipari forradalom eme zászlóshajójától), mint attól, hogy „Lamberg szívében kés, Latour nyakán kötél”. Persze hogy mindezek után hatalmas kezdett-e végre lenni a nép, azon lehet vitatkozni. Mindenesetre én azt mondom, hogy amikor Kövér László visszasírja a francia forradalom előtti időszakot, akkor valószínűleg azt vizionálja, hogy ő valami nemesi kúriában terpeszkedett volna csibukozva, a zacsiját vakarva (pont mint most), nem pedig jobbágyként a földet túrja, látástól vakulásig. Pedig hát statisztikailag sanszos, hogy utóbbit dobta volna neki a gép. Ahogy valószínűleg nekünk is.

* Jellemző, hogy ahol ahol a parasztság relatíve jól élt (pl. Franciaországban), ott az ipar nem tudott olyan jól teljesíteni. Ami részben megmagyarázza, miért is maradtak le a gallok az angolokkal folytatott ipari versenyfutásban - azzal együtt, hogy feltalálóik semmivel sem voltak alábbvalóak a szigetország lángelméinél. És – némileg kitekintve – azt is érdemes megjegyezni, hogy a mezőgazdaságból élők nyomora kivándorlók millióit űzte el otthonról, ami meg is ágyazott az amerikai sikertörténetnek.
** És megszült számtalan más eszmét is: a nacionalizmust éppúgy, mint a szocializmust, a romantikát éppúgy, mint a biedermeiert. Amelyekről Hobsbawm nagy kedvvel beszél.
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The world may yet regret that, faced with Rosa Luxemburg's alternative of socialism or barbarism, it decided against socialism.

Eric Hobsbawm was the star historian in a generation of exceptional British historians, and one of the star Marxists in a generation where to be a public intellectual (if there was ever such a thing in Britain, he has to be one of the best candidates for it) was to be on the Left. He was an unrepentant Communist — in fact there can have been few British Party show more members who kept their membership active for as long as he did. And it turns out that he was also a very engaging autobiographer.

He is quite upfront about the problem of balancing his historian’s instinct and duty to present us with objective evidence and analysis against his memoirist’s obligation to be subjective and personal — the result tends to lean a little more to the former than the latter, and there’s certainly not much revealing indiscretion, but we get a very clear and incisive picture of the “short twentieth century” as it might have been (was, actually) experienced by someone born at the time of the Russian revolution, growing up first as a Mitteleuropäer in Vienna and Berlin, then as British in London and at King’s College Cambridge. It’s interesting how he refuses ever to tell us what he thought or how he felt about something, unless he happens to have written something down at the time. What he remembers now about his own subjective experience is not evidence.

The book shifts gear about halfway through, where he switches from more-or-less chronological narrative — the lives of respectable middle-class adults are not interesting enough to chronicle that way after the point that they settle into careers and family life, he feels — and instead gives us a series of thematic chapters, covering topics like his travels in different parts of the world (including one ostensibly about the cottage where they spent their family holidays for many years that gradually turns into a social history of North Wales in the late 20th century), the development of the discipline of history during his lifetime, his lifelong passion for jazz, and of course his long engagement with Communism through the shocks and disillusionments of the period after 1956 and his increasingly pessimistic view of the British Left (he was writing this during the Blair years, of course; I don’t imagine he would have seen Starmer any more positively).

Brilliant writing, of course, as you would expect from Hobsbawm, and a book it’s hard to put down even when it’s describing the procedure of Party meetings 90 years ago. But certainly one of the odder autobiographies I’ve read as far as the author’s relationship with the subject goes.
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The third part of Hobsbawm’s big review of the “long 19th century” in world history covers the period when Big Capital and western imperialism went full-on global, when the “old empires” (China, Persia, Ottoman, Austria-Hungary, Russia) were visibly crumbling, when Britain stopped ruling the waves, when the USA and Japan emerged fully as new international powers, when workers’ movements challenged the liberal orthodoxy, when millions of people (especially Europeans) migrated to show more other parts of the world, when feminism began to be taken seriously, and when new technologies like the motor car, aircraft, electric light, the cinema, radio and telephones began to impinge on people’s lives around the world. Science broke with the mechanistic universe of Newton and Galileo to give us Freud and Einstein and Heisenberg, artists and writers invented modernism. And the European powers somehow managed to start a World War. There was a lot going on.

As usual, Hobsbawm moves fast with his high-level analysis and avoids getting bogged down in detail — you’ll probably find this hard to follow unless you already have at least a broad outline of the history of the period in mind before you start, but if you can keep up, it’s a very rewarding process, and it will give you a lot to think about, even if you don’t share his Marxist viewpoint. He manages to touch on a surprising number of topics in a relatively small space, and draws them all into his big picture — it’s not often that you read someone who can jump between Keynes and Schoenberg and quantum physics and the Mexican revolution and tell you something interesting and new about all of them. He doesn’t get unduly bogged down in the most widely-rehashed question of the period — why did World War I start? — but he does point out the factors that were different in the international situation by 1914 and made war a more likely outcome of incidental conflicts.
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This very influential collection of essays grew out of a conference organised by Past & Present, the academic journal Hobsbawm co-founded. The contributors look into some of the ways that nations and other social groups have created, or attempted to create, new "traditions" that look back to some more-or-less fictitious glorious past, and the purposes that these invented traditions serve.

The way this process works is perhaps seen at its bluntest and most absurd extreme in Hugh show more Trevor-Roper's opening essay on Scotland, where there was a clear need to define a distinct national identity after the political upheavals of the 17th and 18th centuries. Bizarrely, most of the cultural symbols adopted as "Scottish" were not drawn from mainstream Scots culture but from an exotic, fringe minority that was completely foreign to most Scots, the Catholic, Gaelic-speaking, harp-playing highlanders, who had up to that point drawn their cultural identity mostly from Ireland. Moreover, most of these adopted symbols turn out to have been either blatant forgeries like Macpherson's "Poems of Ossian" or new ideas introduced to the highlands by outsiders after the Stuart rebellions (kilts, tartans, bagpipes, etc.). Trevor-Roper very neatly exposes where all these things came from, and how they came to be reinforced as "Scottish traditions" through their adoption by Queen Victoria (and Sir Walter Scott, who should have known better, and regretted it afterwards...). It would perhaps have been nice to have a bit more explanation about how they still persist in the popular image of Scotland, even though "everyone knows" how bogus they are.

Prys Morgan does a similar kind of hatchet job on Wales, looking into the reinvention of the "druidic tradition" in the 18th and 19th century and its later extinction in the appropriation of notions of Welshness by Methodists and Socialists, and David Cannadine does what he does best by picking out the way the British royal family rediscovered the uses of royal ceremonial from the 1870s on (and the interesting way that the ceremonial became more important and more "traditional" in direct proportion to the decline of the political influence of the crown).

Another, perhaps less obvious, aspect of the uses of tradition is covered by Bernard S Cohn's essay on India after 1858 and Terence Ranger's piece on colonial Africa: Britain and other colonial powers arbitrarily reinvented the pre-colonial past of the territories they were ruling in order to create a "traditional" hook to define their right to political power, in the process often making fixed hierarchical structures out of relationships of authority that had previously been much more fluid and dynamic, and leaving a mess for their post-colonial successors to sort out. One interesting aspect of this that Ranger picks up is the way that invented colonial traditions provided structure and status for people like soldiers, teachers, bureaucrats and ministers of religion, but did nothing for productive workers (where there were strong working-class traditions, e.g. in South African mines, they were carefully kept exclusive to white skilled workers).

Hobsbawm concludes the book with an essay on Europe between 1870 and 1914, where he looks at the ways new polities like the German Empire and the French Second Republic selectively used "historical" symbols to define themselves, and at the rapid development of new class-based traditions, including of course his old favourite, the invention of the 1st of May as a workers' holiday, but also looking into the role of sport, where there were clearly separate developments for working-class (professional soccer, cycle racing) and middle-class (tennis, golf). Another way the (upper-)middle-class defined itself was through education, and Hobsbawm also charts the development of Greek-letter fraternities in the US, the student Korps in Germany, and the "old-school-tie" network in Britain, all of which saw a rapid acceleration during this period.

The essays are very interesting in themselves, and all the contributors are capable, lively writers. The concept of "invented tradition" has embedded itself into mainstream history long ago, so there's not much that you are likely to find radical and shocking any more 35 years on, but this is certainly a book that it's still worth reading. Even if you take the line that the question is rather academic because all traditions are human inventions at some point in their history, this stuff still matters, because people around the world are still justifying unpleasant acts and attitudes with the argument that "it's our tradition". If you have an understanding of where traditions come from, you are in a better position to challenge (or defend) such things.
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Associated Authors

Abdallah Laroui Contributor
Theodor W. Adorno Contributor
Mihailo Marković Contributor
Jurgen Kuczynski Contributor
Costin Murgescu Contributor
V.A. Vinogradov Contributor
H. M. A. Onitiri Contributor
A. K. DasGupta Contributor
Shigeto Tsuru Contributor
szigetijozsef Contributor
György Markus Contributor
T. I. Ojzerman Contributor
Timur Timofeev Contributor
Evgueni Kamenov Contributor
Robert C. Tuscker Contributor
A. Mileikovsky Contributor
Andras Hegedüs Contributor
V. I. Činkaruk Contributor
A. M. Rumianzev Contributor
Y. A. Zamochkin Contributor
Ignacy Sachs Contributor
Erich Fromm Contributor
Alfred Sauvy Contributor
Celso Furtado Contributor
Herbert Marcuse Contributor
Jürgen Habermas Contributor
Zygmunt Bauman Contributor
Raymond Aron Contributor
Maxime Rodinson Contributor
Joan Robinson Contributor
Anatol Rapoport Contributor
Cesare Luporini Contributor
Ágnes Heller Contributor
Roger Garaudy Contributor
Adam Schaff Contributor
Michal Kalecki Contributor
Jindrich Zeleny Contributor
Franco Ferrarotti Contributor
Anouar Abdel-Malek Contributor
Jean Hippolite Contributor
Charles Frankel Contributor
David Cannadine Contributor
Hugh Trevor-Roper Contributor
Bernard S. Cohn Contributor
Prys Morgan Contributor
Juan Faci Translator
Jordi Ainaud Translator
Carme Castells Translator
Enrico Basaglia Translator
Christine Vivier Translator
Monica Schultz Cover artist
Olof Hoffsten Translator
Alan Fletcher Cover designer
Claude Bertrand Translator
baffielena Translator
Michel Janin Translator

Statistics

Works
159
Also by
22
Members
18,734
Popularity
#1,164
Rating
½ 3.7
Reviews
158
ISBNs
683
Languages
26
Favorited
35

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