G. Polya (1887–1985)
Author of How to Solve It: A New Aspect of Mathematical Method
About the Author
Series
Works by G. Polya
Mathematical Discovery: On Understanding, Learning and Teaching Problem Solving Combined Edition (1981) 94 copies, 2 reviews
Problems and Theorems in Analysis I: Series, Integral Calculus, Theory of Functions (1972) 59 copies
Problems and Theorems in Analysis II: Theory of Functions, Zeros, Polynomials, Determinants, Number Theory, Geometry (1968) 54 copies
Associated Works
Tagged
Common Knowledge
- Other names
- Pólya, George
- Birthdate
- 1887-12-13
- Date of death
- 1985-09-07
- Gender
- male
- Education
- University of Budapest (Ph.D|1912)
- Occupations
- professor (mathematics)
- Organizations
- ETH Zurich
Stanford University - Awards and honors
- American Academy of Arts and Sciences (1974)
National Academy of Sciences (1976)
Academie des Sciences
Hungarian Academy
Academie Internationale de Philosophie des Sciences - Relationships
- Walter, Marion (student)
- Short biography
- George Pólya (/ˈpoʊljə/; Hungarian: Pólya György [ˈpoːjɒ ˈɟørɟ]) (December 13, 1887 – September 7, 1985) was a Hungarian mathematician. He was a professor of mathematics from 1914 to 1940 at ETH Zürich and from 1940 to 1953 at Stanford University. He made fundamental contributions to combinatorics, number theory, numerical analysis and probability theory. He is also noted for his work in heuristics and mathematics education. He has been described as one of The Martians, a term used to refer to a group of prominent Jewish Hungarian scientists (mostly, but not exclusively, physicists and mathematicians) who emigrated to the United States in the early half of the 20th century [from Wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_P...]
- Nationality
- Hungary
Switzerland
USA - Birthplace
- Budapest, Austria-Hungary
- Place of death
- Palo Alto, California, USA
- Associated Place (for map)
- Palo Alto, California, USA
Members
Reviews
This actually seems to be a fairly basic sort of book with obvious advice. But maybe that’s not giving it credit. Admittedly, I’ve only read this as the Blinkist summary version and will have missed a lot of the detail that is in the full book. But I’ve found the Blinikist versions, have been able to extract the essence from most of their summaries that I have read: even where I’ve had the opportunity of comparing with the full book. Having said that I’ve just been trying to draw a show more square with three lines and clearly missed the first point about “understanding before action”. The trick is that you draw a square as normal (with four lines ...then you simply inscribe three lines inside this square that you have drawn: Presto! “A square with three lines”. I just was reading the instructions in a restricted way.
My observation with math solving techniques is that you really need to do a lot of practice problems to give you the “past experience” that is being recommended. If you haven’t done the practice drills then you won’t have experience to draw upon.
However, I've just done a bit of research on the Author: George Polya and I think I'm feeling the book too short. Polya was an accomplished mathematician and published papers in a lot of different mathematical fields. But he is probably most famous as an educator and an educator of math teachers. And the current book, is what made hi especially famous. So, the simplicity of approach belies the deep knowledge underpinning it. I am reviewing my rating on the basis of this extra knowledge. Here are some extracts which outline the basic points made:
"Understanding before action
What are they trying to find? What facts do they already know? How do these pieces fit together? Just by asking these questions, what seemed hard becomes much clearer.
Look at where you want to end up, see what you’re starting with, and figure out what rules you need to follow.....Taking time to understand requires stopping yourself from jumping in too fast.....Make it a habit to stop, ask questions, and really look at what you’re dealing with before trying to solve anything.
Finding your path
After you’ve seen what the problem’s all about, you need a smart plan to solve it.....This planning process often starts with looking at your past experiences.....These patterns become especially powerful as you gain experience. People who solve problems well do this naturally......Sometimes you can’t see the best path until you’ve started moving....Try to make a plan that keeps you on track but lets you try new ideas. It’s like having a good map for a trip
Execution and verification
Now that you have your plan, it’s time to put it into action....Start by breaking big problems into smaller pieces to check your work as you go.....When solving a big equation, try checking each step using different math tricks....If you solved something with geometry, see if you can prove it with algebra, too.....In geometry, your answer should work no matter how you turn or resize the shapes. In algebra, plug your answer back into the original problem to make sure it works.....All of this checking needs good record-keeping......What seems like extra work in writing things down actually saves time in the long run.....The last step is stepping back to look at your whole solution.
Problem-solving techniques
These methods-breaking problems into pieces, finding connections to similar problems, and looking at broader patterns-can turn what seems impossible into something you can handle step by step..... A cylinder's volume relates perfectly to the flat area of its base. Seeing these connections lets you use what you already know to tackle new problems....Often you'll spot patterns you couldn't see before-like stepping back from a painting....But you can also learn a lot by going the other way-looking at specific examples....Making a problem more general might help you see connections to other problems, while specific examples might suggest ways to break the problem into pieces.
The mental game
Often, a problem that seems impossible becomes clear after you step away for a while.
Many mathematicians set specific time limits, knowing that pushing too long usually doesn't help......Your unconscious mind does a lot of the work. People often get breakthroughs at unexpected times
Summary: Great problem-solvers combine methodical thinking, pattern recognition, and mental resilience to crack any challenge. The journey begins with deep observation before acting, then moves through careful planning and systematic execution. By breaking problems into manageable pieces and connecting them to familiar patterns, complex challenges become solvable. Understanding your mental process-including how to handle frustration and when to step back for clarity-transforms the way you tackle every problem. These proven approaches turn challenges of any size into clear, conquerable steps.
So what’s my overall take on the book?....It’s fine as far as it goes. But the steps are so general that they are not especially helpful. I guess the advice to make sure you are solving the right problem. And the suggestion to break it into steps and cross check with geometry vs algebra etc., are good suggestions. But not sure that I really learned a lot. I think I need to read the original. Clearly the summary misses a lot. Four stars from me. show less
My observation with math solving techniques is that you really need to do a lot of practice problems to give you the “past experience” that is being recommended. If you haven’t done the practice drills then you won’t have experience to draw upon.
However, I've just done a bit of research on the Author: George Polya and I think I'm feeling the book too short. Polya was an accomplished mathematician and published papers in a lot of different mathematical fields. But he is probably most famous as an educator and an educator of math teachers. And the current book, is what made hi especially famous. So, the simplicity of approach belies the deep knowledge underpinning it. I am reviewing my rating on the basis of this extra knowledge. Here are some extracts which outline the basic points made:
"Understanding before action
What are they trying to find? What facts do they already know? How do these pieces fit together? Just by asking these questions, what seemed hard becomes much clearer.
Look at where you want to end up, see what you’re starting with, and figure out what rules you need to follow.....Taking time to understand requires stopping yourself from jumping in too fast.....Make it a habit to stop, ask questions, and really look at what you’re dealing with before trying to solve anything.
Finding your path
After you’ve seen what the problem’s all about, you need a smart plan to solve it.....This planning process often starts with looking at your past experiences.....These patterns become especially powerful as you gain experience. People who solve problems well do this naturally......Sometimes you can’t see the best path until you’ve started moving....Try to make a plan that keeps you on track but lets you try new ideas. It’s like having a good map for a trip
Execution and verification
Now that you have your plan, it’s time to put it into action....Start by breaking big problems into smaller pieces to check your work as you go.....When solving a big equation, try checking each step using different math tricks....If you solved something with geometry, see if you can prove it with algebra, too.....In geometry, your answer should work no matter how you turn or resize the shapes. In algebra, plug your answer back into the original problem to make sure it works.....All of this checking needs good record-keeping......What seems like extra work in writing things down actually saves time in the long run.....The last step is stepping back to look at your whole solution.
Problem-solving techniques
These methods-breaking problems into pieces, finding connections to similar problems, and looking at broader patterns-can turn what seems impossible into something you can handle step by step..... A cylinder's volume relates perfectly to the flat area of its base. Seeing these connections lets you use what you already know to tackle new problems....Often you'll spot patterns you couldn't see before-like stepping back from a painting....But you can also learn a lot by going the other way-looking at specific examples....Making a problem more general might help you see connections to other problems, while specific examples might suggest ways to break the problem into pieces.
The mental game
Often, a problem that seems impossible becomes clear after you step away for a while.
Many mathematicians set specific time limits, knowing that pushing too long usually doesn't help......Your unconscious mind does a lot of the work. People often get breakthroughs at unexpected times
Summary: Great problem-solvers combine methodical thinking, pattern recognition, and mental resilience to crack any challenge. The journey begins with deep observation before acting, then moves through careful planning and systematic execution. By breaking problems into manageable pieces and connecting them to familiar patterns, complex challenges become solvable. Understanding your mental process-including how to handle frustration and when to step back for clarity-transforms the way you tackle every problem. These proven approaches turn challenges of any size into clear, conquerable steps.
So what’s my overall take on the book?....It’s fine as far as it goes. But the steps are so general that they are not especially helpful. I guess the advice to make sure you are solving the right problem. And the suggestion to break it into steps and cross check with geometry vs algebra etc., are good suggestions. But not sure that I really learned a lot. I think I need to read the original. Clearly the summary misses a lot. Four stars from me. show less
[5 out of 5] My only regret is that I must return this book to the library. This is one of those rare books I recommend to pretty much anyone who has to deal with problem solving.
Not just mathematical problems, though. Polya writes an excellent case for the way we all should approach problems. It's not a formula, rather a scaffolding for thought, strategies for learning and teaching, reflections on successful solving and common pitfalls. If you want to think like a scientist, this is an show more excellent start, whether you have a science degree/background or not show less
Not just mathematical problems, though. Polya writes an excellent case for the way we all should approach problems. It's not a formula, rather a scaffolding for thought, strategies for learning and teaching, reflections on successful solving and common pitfalls. If you want to think like a scientist, this is an show more excellent start, whether you have a science degree/background or not show less
I'm conflicted about this book. There is a lot of good advice around the art of problem solving, but my god is there a lot of shit too. The layout is mostly a big alphabetical glossary of _math things_ --- everything from leading questions to notions of symmetry to anecdotes about absentminded professors --- and the layout doesn't particularly help. It's not organized by topic or ordered by first things first, it's just plopped down alphabetically. As such, it's hard to get into the show more flow.
This book however is lacking primarily in that it deals with how to solve "well-posed questions," which is to say, toy problems. There is very little about conducting your own open-ended research, and about how to turn wisps of ideas into well-posed ones. show less
This book however is lacking primarily in that it deals with how to solve "well-posed questions," which is to say, toy problems. There is very little about conducting your own open-ended research, and about how to turn wisps of ideas into well-posed ones. show less
I have long wanted to read some of Polya's work, since my undergrad days in the Math/CS department with a prof. insisting that Polya was fundamental reading both to algorithm prooving (which, in real life software engineering, I never got to do, sadly) and also to grammars.
So now, I find myself reading with great pleasure his work on constructions, problem solving and motivation, and discipline of the mind. Very nice work, and though classic, still up with the times (or ahead of them even) show more pedagogically.
Well worth reading even for the non-mathematically minded. show less
So now, I find myself reading with great pleasure his work on constructions, problem solving and motivation, and discipline of the mind. Very nice work, and though classic, still up with the times (or ahead of them even) show more pedagogically.
Well worth reading even for the non-mathematically minded. show less
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Statistics
- Works
- 42
- Also by
- 2
- Members
- 3,490
- Popularity
- #7,288
- Rating
- 4.0
- Reviews
- 23
- ISBNs
- 92
- Languages
- 12
- Favorited
- 3