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Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn (1918–2008)

Author of One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich

351+ Works 44,540 Members 541 Reviews 108 Favorited

About the Author

Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn was born on December 11, 1918 in Kislovodsk in the northern Caucusus Mountains. He received a degree in physics and math from Rostov University in 1941. He served in the Russian army during World War II but was arrested in 1945 for writing a letter criticizing Stalin. He show more spent the next decade in prisons and labor camps and, later, exile, before being allowed to return to central Russia, where he worked as a high school science teacher. His first novel, One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich, was published in 1962. In 1970, he was awarded the Nobel Prize for Literature. In 1974, he was arrested for treason and exiled following the publication of The Gulag Archipelago. He moved to Switzerland and later the U. S. where he continued to write fiction and history. When the Soviet Union collapsed, he returned to his homeland. His other works include The First Circle and The Cancer Ward. He died due to a heart ailment on August 3, 2008 at the age of 89. (Bowker Author Biography) show less

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Series

Works by Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn

One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich (1962) 14,507 copies, 231 reviews
The Gulag Archipelago, 1918-1956: Parts I-II (1973) 6,004 copies, 48 reviews
Cancer Ward (1968) 3,992 copies, 57 reviews
The First Circle (1968) 2,695 copies, 31 reviews
August 1914 (1971) 2,669 copies, 23 reviews
The Gulag Archipelago, 1918-1956: Parts III-IV (1974) 1,934 copies, 12 reviews
The Gulag Archipelago, 1918-1956: Parts V-VII (1976) 1,168 copies, 9 reviews
Stories and Prose Poems (1963) 533 copies, 5 reviews
Lenin in Zurich (1975) 465 copies, 5 reviews
We Never Make Mistakes (1963) 376 copies, 7 reviews
For the Good of the Cause (1963) 336 copies, 7 reviews
The Love-Girl and the Innocent (1969) 321 copies, 7 reviews
November 1916 (1983) 320 copies, 2 reviews
Warning to the West (1976) 262 copies, 1 review
From Under the Rubble (1974) 199 copies
Apricot Jam and Other Stories (1990) 188 copies, 3 reviews
Letter to the Soviet Leaders (1974) 183 copies, 1 review
Candle in the Wind (1960) 152 copies, 2 reviews
Invisible allies (1995) 117 copies, 1 review
Matryona's House and Other Stories (1963) 112 copies, 2 reviews
March 1917, Vol 1/4 (1999) 109 copies, 1 review
Cancer Ward: Part 1 (1968) 94 copies, 1 review
Cancer Ward: Part 2 (1968) 81 copies, 1 review
Prussian Nights: A Poem (1974) 79 copies, 1 review
The First Circle, Part 1 (1969) 63 copies, 1 review
The First Circle, Part 2 (1973) 51 copies, 1 review
August, 1914 Part One (1971) 47 copies, 1 review
March 1917, Vol 3/4 (1983) 42 copies, 1 review
March 1917, Vol 2/4 (1993) 39 copies
August, 1914 Part Two (1971) 36 copies
East and West (1980) 27 copies, 1 review
Russia in Collapse (1998) 25 copies
L'Erreur de l'Occident (1980) 23 copies
Matryona's House (1979) 19 copies
The Republic of Labor (1973) 15 copies
Ego, seguido de En el filo (1995) 11 copies
Prisoners: A tragedy (1983) 10 copies
American Speeches (1975) 9 copies
Love the Revolution! (2007) 8 copies
Nos jeunes (1997) 8 copies
Zacharie l'escarcelle (1971) 8 copies
Victory Celebrations (1981) 7 copies
Vivere senza menzogna (1975) 7 copies, 4 reviews
Les droits de l'écrivain (1972) 7 copies
Voices from the Gulag (2010) 6 copies
Etudes et miniatures (2004) 6 copies
Schwenkitten (2004) 5 copies
March 1917, Vol. 1/2 (1989) 5 copies
Tutto il teatro 5 copies
April 1917, Part 1 (2009) 4 copies
March 1917, Vol 4/4 (1983) 4 copies
Journal de La Roue Rouge (2018) 4 copies
Le Chemin des forçats (2004) 4 copies
Kontinent 4 copies
March 1917, Vol. 2/2 (1990) 4 copies
Nunca cometemos errores 4 copies, 4 reviews
Our Pluralists (1982) 3 copies
Рассказы (1978) 3 copies
LeseLust Rußland. (1989) 2 copies
Six Etudes (1971) 2 copies
Obras escogidas (1974) 2 copies
Lenin en Zurich (1976) 2 copies
Colloque de Cerisy (1975) 1 copy
Arhipelagul Gulag (2018) 1 copy
Pozhivshi v gulage : sbornik vospominaniĭ (2001) — Editor — 1 copy
Rusija u provaliji (1999) 1 copy
Priče 1 copy
Socialist Phenomenon 1 copy, 1 review
Revolutie si minciuna (2019) 1 copy
AUGUST 1914 1 copy
AUGUST 1914 1 copy
Nakonets-to revolutsiia 1 copy, 1 review
Soljenitsin 1 copy
Agosto 1914 1 copy
Souostroví Gulag 3. 1 copy, 1 review
Souostroví Gulag 2. 1 copy, 1 review
Souostroví Gulag 1. 1 copy, 1 review
Easter Procession (1994) 1 copy
Tsar. Stolypin. Lenin (2009) 1 copy
August 1914 1 copy
The Gulac Archipelago (1973) 1 copy
A documentary Record (1972) 1 copy
Rasskazy, 1993 - 1999 (2003) 1 copy
Alexandr Solzhenitsyn, 1970 1 copy, 1 review
March 1917 (1986) 1 copy
1974 1 copy
Lenin in Zurich 1 copy, 1 review
Works. (2012) 1 copy
Der Archipel Gulag (1974) 1 copy
Rasskazy (2019) 1 copy
Iubeşte revoluţia! (2009) 1 copy
Västerlandets misstag (1981) 1 copy

Associated Works

Tagged

20th century (693) autobiography (186) biography (235) classic (329) classics (399) communism (750) fiction (3,555) gulag (608) historical fiction (450) history (1,581) literature (1,126) memoir (231) Nobel Prize (222) non-fiction (819) novel (732) politics (338) prison (265) read (265) Roman (164) Russia (2,322) Russian (1,164) Russian fiction (180) Russian History (397) Russian literature (1,792) Solzhenitsyn (325) Soviet Union (1,120) to-read (1,779) translation (259) unread (235) WWI (245)

Common Knowledge

Legal name
Солженицын, Александр Исаевич
Other names
Solzhenitsyn, Aleksandr Isayevich
Solzhenitsyn, Alexander I.
Солженѝцин, Алекса̀ндър Иса̀евич
Солженицин, Александър
Солжењицин, Александар
Солженицин, Александар Исаевич (show all 74)
Солженицин, Александар
Салжані́цын, Алякса́ндр Іса́евіч
Салжані́цын, Алякса́ндр
Σολζενίτσιν, Αλεξάντρ Ισάγεβιτς
Σολζενίτσιν, Αλεξάντρ
ソルジェニーツィン アレクサンドル
솔제니친 알렉산드르
索尔仁尼琴 亚历山大
索爾仁尼琴 亞歷山大
אלכסנדר ,סולז'ניצין
ألكسندر ,سولجنيتسين
آلکساندر ,سولژنیتسین
الیکزینڈر ,سلزینسٹائن
Սոլժենիցին, Ալեքսանդր
სოლჟენიცინი, ალექსანდრე
सोल्शेनीत्सिन, अलेक्सान्द्र
সলজেনিৎসিন, আলেক্সান্দ্র্‌
ಸೊಲ್ಜೆನಿತ್ಸಿನ್ಅ, ಲೆಕ್ಸಾಂಡರ್
സോൾഷെനിറ്റ്സിൻ, അലക്സാണ്ടർ
சோல்செனிட்சின், அலெக்சாண்டர்
Solschenizyn, Alexander Issajewitsch
Solschenizyn, Alexander
Solzhenitsyn, Aleksandr Isáyevich
Soljenítsin, Alexander Issaiévich
Soljenítsin, Alexander
Solženicyn, Alexandr Isajevič
Solženicyn, Alexandr
Solzjenitsyn, Aleksandr Isajevitsj
Solzjenitsyn, Aleksandr
Soljenitsyne, Alexandre Issaïevitch
Soljenitsyne, Alexandre
Soljénitsyne, Alexandre Issaïevitch
Soljénitsyne, Alexandre
Solzjenitsyn, Aleksandr Isajevitj
Solzjenitsyn, Aleksandr Isajevitsj
Solženitsyn, Aleksandr Isajevitš
Solženitsyn, Aleksandr
Solsjenitsyn, Aleksandr Isajevitj
Solsjenitsyn, Aleksandr
Soljenitsin, Aleksandr İsayeviç
Soljenitsin, Aleksandr
Solženicyn, Alexandr Isajevič
Solženicyn, Alexandr
Solzhenítsyn, Aleksandr Ísajevítsj
Solzhenítsyn, Aleksandr
Solženitsõn, Aleksandr Issajevitš
Solženitsõn, Aleksandr
Sołżenicyn, Aleksandr Isajewicz
Sołżenicyn, Aleksandr
Soljenițîn, Aleksandr Isaievici
Soljenițîn, Aleksandr
Solženjicin, Aleksandar Isajevič
Solženjicin, Aleksandar
Szolzsenyicin, Alekszandr Iszajevics
Szolzsenyicin, Alekszandr
Solzhenitsin, Aleksandr Isaievitx
Solzhenitsin, Aleksandr
Soljenitsın, Aleksandr İsayeviç
Soljenitsın, Aleksandr
Soljenitsin, Aleksandr Issàievitx
Solĵenicin, Aleksandr Isajeviĉ
Solĵenicin, Aleksandr
Sollzhenicin, Aleksandër Isajeviç
Sollzhenicin, Aleksandër
Solžeņicins, Aleksandrs
Solženicynas, Aleksandras
Solženicin, Aleksander Isajevič
Solženicin, Aleksander
Birthdate
1918-12-11
Date of death
2008-08-03
Gender
male
Education
Rostov State University (mathematics)
Moscow Institute of Philosophy, Literature, and History
Occupations
novelist
teacher
historian
Organizations
Soviet Army (WWII)
Awards and honors
Nobel Prize (Literature, 1970)
American Academy of Arts and Letters (Foreign Honorary, Literature, 1969)
Templeton Prize (1983)
Royal Society of Literature (Honorary Fellow)
Nationality
Russia
stateless (1974-1990)
Birthplace
Kislovodsk, Soviet Union
Places of residence
Moscow, Russia
Palo Alto, California, USA
Cavendish, Vermont, USA
Place of death
Moscow, Russia
Burial location
The Donskoi Monastery, Moscow, Russia
Map Location
Russia

Members

Discussions

The Gulag Archipelago in Fine Press Forum (June 2024)
Solzhenitsyn 1918 - 2008 in Fans of Russian authors (October 2021)
Group Read, July 2019: The First Circle in 1001 Books to read before you die (July 2019)
Group Read, December 2016: The First Circle in 1001 Books to read before you die (January 2017)
The Gulag Archipelago by Sozhenitsyn in Fans of Russian authors (September 2010)
Best Translation of Gulag Archipelago in Fans of Russian authors (June 2008)
Best Translation of Gulag Archipelago in Fans of Russian authors (June 2008)
Solzhenitsyn in Fans of Russian authors (August 2007)

Reviews

599 reviews
[b:გულაგის|17703436|Архипелаг Гулаг|Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn|https://i.gr-assets.com/images/S/compressed.photo.goodreads.com/books/1364672837l/17703436._SY75_.jpg|2944012] პირველი 2 წიგნის წაკითხვამ იმედები გამიცრუა და ვიფიქრე სოლჟენიცინს ხელს აღარ მოვკიდებდი, მაგრამ მერე გავიგე show more რომ ნობელი გულაგისთვის კიარა, ამ მოთხრობებისთვის მისცეს და, მიუხედავად იმისა, რომ ნობელი ლიტერატურაში ავტორიტეტად არ მიმაჩნია, მაინც რაღაცას ნიშნავს. ხოდა აი, წავიკითხე მაინც და სასიამოვნოდ გაკვირვებული დავრჩი - კარგი მწერალი ყოფილა. თუმცა, ამავე წიგნმა ნათლად დამანახა თუ რატომ მირჩევნია [a:შალამოვი|2905384|Варлам Шаламов|https://images.gr-assets.com/authors/1408459639p2/2905384.jpg] უპირობოდ:

1. მიუხედავად იმისა, რომ სოლჟენიცინი კარგი მწერალი ჩანს, არ არის გენიალური და სულისშემძვრელი. მისი ისტორიები შეიძლება იყოს პატარა შოკის საფუძველი, მაგრამ მხოლოდ იმიტომ, რომ თვითონ ისტორიაა ჟუტკი. შალამოვი კი გენიოსია და მისი პერსონაჟის დაჩირქებული ფეხი უფრო თავზარდამცემია, ვიდრე სოლჟენიცინთან 1000-ობით დახვრეტილი ადამიანი და პირში ჩაფსმები დაკითხვებზე.

2. შალამოვთან ტრაგედია და საერთოდ ყველაფერი ინდივიდის დონეზეა, სოლჟენიცინის "1 ადამიანის 1 დღე"-ც კი უფრო კოლექტიური ტრაგედიაა და შესაბამისად ნაკლებად "ნამდვილი". მეტიც, სოლჟენიცინთან ამ კოლექტიურ ტრაგედიას აშკარა ეროვნული ნიშნები აქვს და უფრო კონკრეტულად "რუსული სულის" ტკივილია (ყველა სხვა ეროვნების ხალხი აქ თითქოს მხოლოდ რუსი პერსონაჟების ხასიათების გასაშლელადაა, სხვა დანიშნულება არ აქვთ). მე კიდევ მასეთი რამეების არ მწამს, არ მჯერა და опиум для народа-ს კატეგორიაში გამყავს (ეროვნული ნიშნით მიკერძოებულობა რომ არ დამწამოთ, ერთნარი ბოდიალი მგონია "რუსკაია დუშა", "ქართული გენი" და "ემერიქან დრიმ"). შალამოვთან კი, ბაზარი არაა, ფაქტიურად ყველა პერსონაჟი რუსია, მაგრამ მათი ეროვნული თვისებები თვალში არ გეჩხირება და იცი, რომ იგივე სიტუაციაში სხვა ეროვნების ადამიანებზეც ვრცელდება ზუსტად იგივე.

3. ამ კონკრეტული მოთხრობის პერსონაჟი (წიგნში სხვა მოთხრობებიცაა, ზოგი კარგიც) ისეთი ტიპია, რომ იცი არ დაიკარგება და უფრო ნაკლებად შეგტკივა გული. და მიუხედავად იმისა, რომ ეს კრებითი პერსონაჟია რამდენიმე ადამიანის, მაინც ავტორისა ყველაზე მეტი აქვს და კარგად ჩანს როგორ ცხოვრობდა სოლჟენიცინი გულაგში. სხვა მოთხრობებიც ხაზს უსვამს მაგას, როცა საჭიროა ბლატნოიცაა, ხალხის დაკერვაც შეუძლია, იცის საიდან მიუდგეს ყველაფერს და კიდევ ერთხელ დასტურდება შალამოვისვე სიტყვები, რომ გულაგი [უკვე იქიდან გამოსვლის მერე] სოლჟენიცინისთვის საქმეა და მასალა და არა გადატანილი ტკივილი. შალამოვის პერსონაჟებს კიდე ყველას პაგალოვნად დანძრეული აქვს და ზუსტად ის პროცესია საინტერესო თუ როგორ კარგავს იქ ადამიანი ადამიანობას და არა ის, თუ როგორ მოერგება ადამიანი ამ სიტუაციას - ასეთი ტიპები ყველგან არიან და არ უნდა ამას გულაგი. ობიექტურობისთვის დავამატებ, რომ შალამოვს "ივან დენისოვჩი" ძალიან მოსწონდა, როგორც ჩანს მერე და მერე სოლჟენიცინმა ამის დონის არაფერი რომ არ დაწერა და თავის პრაგმატულ საქმიანობას რომ მიაწვა, ეგ გაუტყდა (მგონი სამართლიანადაც).

კარგი წიგნია მოკლედ, იმდენადაც კარგი, რომ შეიძლება [b:გულაგის|17703436|Архипелаг Гулаг|Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn|https://i.gr-assets.com/images/S/compressed.photo.goodreads.com/books/1364672837l/17703436._SY75_.jpg|2944012] დანარჩენი წიგნებიც წამაკითხოს ოდესმე.
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"… to describe the perturbation of a human soul placed in a cell filled to twenty times its capacity and with no latrine bucket…" (pg. 161)

Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn's dense, sprawling The Gulag Archipelago is a hard book to appraise, not only because of the sombre weight of its content but because it is impossible to classify. A history, a journalistic account, a personal memoir, a polemic, a piece of philosophy, a cultural document, with some novelistic flourishes in the Russian show more tradition… it is all of these, and yet none of them stand alone as an adequate qualifier. A 'literary investigation' is how Solzhenitsyn subtitles the book, and that is perhaps the closest approximation.

The Foreword to the 50th anniversary edition of the book, written by Jordan B. Peterson, emphasises the philosophical aspect of Solzhenitsyn's writing: the totalitarian nature of the gulags ("if you did manage to poison yourself, you would only make the task of the authorities easier" (pg. 353)); the importance of truth ("every word, if it does not have to be a direct lie, is nonetheless obliged not to contradict the general, common lie" (pg. 325)) and free exchange of ideas (pg. 452); the dangerous follies of ideology (pg. 77), regardless of the particulars of that ideology; and, perhaps most importantly, the human nature of both prisoner and guard, including perhaps Solzhenitsyn's finest (and oft-quoted) piece of writing, where he explains how "the line separating good and evil passes not through states, nor between classes, nor between political parties either – but right through every human heart" (pg. 312 – a similar passage is on pg. 75). "If my life had turned out differently," Solzhenitsyn asks on page 73, "might I myself not have become just such an executioner?" These ideas, Peterson correctly identifies, are the greatest riches of The Gulag Archipelago, and his astute Foreword focuses a message that can sometimes be lost in the mass of the book itself.

Peterson has said, elsewhere, that The Gulag Archipelago is perhaps the most important book of the 20th century. If this is the case, it is not because of the dexterity of the book itself, but because of its implications; implications that Solzhenitsyn himself doesn't consistently explore. Even in this abridgement (an excellent one, and one of the few books that is improved by such an action), the great bulk of the book is a litany of dry reportage from the gulags, whether that be Solzhenitsyn's personal reflections, accounts from other prisoners across the Soviet Union, observations on the day-to-day workings of the camps, or passages on how the gulag system was birthed. It is a worthy endeavour – many of these stories would be lost otherwise – but a repetitive one. There are passages with a literary flourish, and sometimes entire chapters with a consistent fire, like 'The Ascent' (pp299-313), but it is often hard to hold on to Solzhenitsyn's thread, even if you can identify it.

Nevertheless, it is an impressive achievement. Even if the book's literary merit is diminished by the fact its difficulty comes more from the density of the content than any literary complexity, just consider how unlikely this achievement is. Solzhenitsyn's manuscripts were confiscated by the secret police, his archives were raided, much was written from memory or from fragments – and that's even before you consider the overwhelming nature of writing about a continent's worth of gulag, or the mental hurdles Solzhenitsyn had to overcome in order to process his own personal experience within that system. Solzhenitsyn acknowledges the "jerkiness of the book", and when he marks this out as emblematic of Russia's "persecuted literature" during the Soviet years (pg. 470), he's not wrong. The fact that this book was not only conceived, but completed and published, under such conditions is remarkable.

Solzhenitsyn did not intend for the book to be the final word on anything; not on morality or philosophy or human nature, and not even on the Stalinist prison system. Its sole intention was survival. Ending the book with an appeal to "write your own commentaries… correct and add to it where necessary" (pg. 470), Solzhenitsyn shows that he only intended to start a conversation, to protect and then plant a seed. "Nowhere on the planet, nowhere in history, was there a regime more vicious, more bloodthirsty, and at the same time more cunning and ingenious than the Bolshevik, the self-styled Soviet regime… no other regime on earth could compare with it either in the number of those it had done to death, in hardiness, in the range of its ambitions, in its thoroughgoing and unmitigated totalitarianism – no, not even the regime of its pupil Hitler" (pg. 342). Our continued inability to accept this fact – as Peterson writes in his Foreword, we find it much more difficult to identify when the Left has gone too far, compared to the Right (pp xvi-xvii) – not to mention our struggles in assimilating Solzhenitsyn's broader ideas, means that, if you can appreciate the difference, The Gulag Archipelago remains an essential document even if it is not an essential read in the literary sense.
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One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich should be required reading. When everything you read and hear and watch is stained with a hyper-politicized Us v. Them mentality, it's enlightening to see what true tyranny looks like. Starting with the author's bio ("In 1945 [Solzhenitsyn] was arrested and imprisoned in a labor camp for eight years because he had allegedly made a derogatory remark about Stalin."), the book highlights the mindless brutality of a true totalitarian state. Solzhenitsyn show more masterfully depicts Shukov's powerlessness as he struggles just to fill his stomach, stay warm, and avoid notice. He shows the petty corruption that permeates the prisoners' lives, the payoffs to guards and mail clerks and cooks just to get a portion of what's rightfully theirs. He gives you reason to hate them the way the prisoners do. Simultaneously he shows the shared misery, revealing that in spite of warmer clothes and better food the guards suffer at the camp too. There is a bond between the prisoners and their tormentors that rings true as they help each other in small ways, such as the guards taking only a portion of the prisoners' purloined scraps of firewood so that both groups can have some warmth in their sleeping quarters. The power of this book lies in the irony of Shukov's feeling of content with this almost happy day as Solzhenitsyn grimly reminds us that his protagonist will serve ten years worth of these almost happy days. show less
The most striking aspect of this novel is its ability to extract humanity from the minutiae of what would otherwise be an expectedly harrowing experience of the Soviet Gulag. Make no mistake, it is still a recount of the latter, but Solzhenitsyn manages to highlight this by the very act of juxtaposing it with what a "great" day Ivan Denisovich manages to have despite his circumstances.

Every day is torturously the same but some days, instead of one bowl of unfilling gruel, you might get two; show more instead of being sent to work outdoors exposed to -27 degrees, you get to build a wall - and a good job of it too! - inside an uninsulated, windowless, doorless house; instead of receiving a care package from your family whom you haven't seen for eight years because you'd rather they benefit than the officials you'd have to bribe to receive the package, you might get a bit of a sausage from someone else's for doing them a favour.

And it's days like these that allow you to stash a little bit of what passes for bread inside your mattress. And it's days like these that allow your hidden bread to be overlooked in the daily checks by the guards. And it's days like these that makes Solzhenitsyn's message even more powerful than it'd be if he went the worst or even the most average day of Ivan Denisovich's sentence. And what a great day it is.
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