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A miser learns the true meaning of Christmas when three ghostly visitors review his past and foretell his future.Tags
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Member Recommendations
The Man Who Invented Christmas: How Charles Dickens's A Christmas Carol Rescued His Career and Revived Our Holiday Spirits by Les Standiford
bell7 Les Standiford explores the many ways in which Dickens' "A Christmas Carol" affected our celebration of Christmas.
120
souloftherose The Haunted Man is the last of Charles Dickens' five Christmas tales and the one most like A Christmas Carol.
51
anonymous user The Greatest Gift is the book that was turned into It's a Wonderful Life, probably the second best Christmas story after A Christmas Carol!
21
keremix I don't wanna give spoilers, but for me it was hard to miss the things these two books have in common.
22
JenniferRobb Both have male protagonists who experience visions of the past and of the future and whose visions cause a behavioral change. Dickens's work is about Christmas while Kingsbury's is not.
11
JenniferRobb Both books look at three different periods in the main characters life. In Dickens it is past, present, and future. In Blount, it is childhood, adulthood, and old age.
12
Voracious_Reader Sweet, short Christmas story. Not a similar plot to A Christmas Carol, but I find it more enjoyable.
01
JenniferRobb OK, so Dickens doesn't have as many children in the main part of his novel, but the story is so much better than Dailey's.
JenniferRobb Both books feature characters who have dreams/visions of times in their lives and end up changed.
03
Member Reviews
A Visit from Ol' Jake
based upon
A Visit from St Nicholas
by Clement Clarke Moore (or maybe Major Henry Livingston, Jr.)
'Twas the night before Christmas
And Scrooge was engrossed,
When who should appear
But Jake Marley's ghost?
“Woooooooh,” said Marley.
“Waaaaaaah!” said Scrooge.
He'd not been so frightened
Since he'd tried out the luge.
“'Tis the night before Christmas,”
Said the ghost of old Jake.
“Yes I know, that's the first line,
Keep up for God's sake!”
“Alright, keep your pants on,
You grumpy old moocher.
Prepare for three more ghosts:
Past, present, and future.”
“Past, present, and future?
Those names make me tense!
And what of subjunctive?
I wish I were hence!”
“Yo,” said a new ghost,
With a shell suit and Docs.
“I'm the show more past, like, you know, man,
Where it totally rocks.”
“Oh God!” wailed Scrooge
At the ghost's naff attire.
“I swear I'll send those clothes
As one to the fire!”
Next up was Present,
He gave a great moan.
His existence: pure torment.
(Flappy Birds on iPhone.)
Said Scrooge: “All of this
Seems anachronistic”
(And if you think I'll rhyme that,
Then you're a whack sadistic.)
He then got a text that said
“lol, b gd =)”
To which, “I'll try, Present,”
Is what Scrooge dryly says.
Last but not least
Was the ghost of the Future.
The sight of whom hurt Scrooge
Right in the sphenosquamosal suture.
“Getting quite desperate
For rhyme words are we?”
Said the ghost to old Scrooge.
(Or, more likely, to Lee.)
“I've seen quite enough!”
Said Scrooge to old Marley,
“I promise I'll change!
Or my name isn't Charlie.”
“But your name isn't Charlie,”
Said Jake, diffidently.
“Aha, that's what you think,”
Said Scrooge from his Bentley.
And he ripped off a mask
Made of rubber (like chickens)
To reveal his true face:
That of Charles Huffam Dickens!
And I heard him exclaim,
'Ere he drove out of sight,
“Happy Christmas to all!
And to all a good night!” show less
based upon
A Visit from St Nicholas
by Clement Clarke Moore (or maybe Major Henry Livingston, Jr.)
'Twas the night before Christmas
And Scrooge was engrossed,
When who should appear
But Jake Marley's ghost?
“Woooooooh,” said Marley.
“Waaaaaaah!” said Scrooge.
He'd not been so frightened
Since he'd tried out the luge.
“'Tis the night before Christmas,”
Said the ghost of old Jake.
“Yes I know, that's the first line,
Keep up for God's sake!”
“Alright, keep your pants on,
You grumpy old moocher.
Prepare for three more ghosts:
Past, present, and future.”
“Past, present, and future?
Those names make me tense!
And what of subjunctive?
I wish I were hence!”
“Yo,” said a new ghost,
With a shell suit and Docs.
“I'm the show more past, like, you know, man,
Where it totally rocks.”
“Oh God!” wailed Scrooge
At the ghost's naff attire.
“I swear I'll send those clothes
As one to the fire!”
Next up was Present,
He gave a great moan.
His existence: pure torment.
(Flappy Birds on iPhone.)
Said Scrooge: “All of this
Seems anachronistic”
(And if you think I'll rhyme that,
Then you're a whack sadistic.)
He then got a text that said
“lol, b gd =)”
To which, “I'll try, Present,”
Is what Scrooge dryly says.
Last but not least
Was the ghost of the Future.
The sight of whom hurt Scrooge
Right in the sphenosquamosal suture.
“Getting quite desperate
For rhyme words are we?”
Said the ghost to old Scrooge.
(Or, more likely, to Lee.)
“I've seen quite enough!”
Said Scrooge to old Marley,
“I promise I'll change!
Or my name isn't Charlie.”
“But your name isn't Charlie,”
Said Jake, diffidently.
“Aha, that's what you think,”
Said Scrooge from his Bentley.
And he ripped off a mask
Made of rubber (like chickens)
To reveal his true face:
That of Charles Huffam Dickens!
And I heard him exclaim,
'Ere he drove out of sight,
“Happy Christmas to all!
And to all a good night!” show less
Knowing the story so well in other media, I thought I'd read the original to better appreciate the variants in its many adaptations. Dickens' catchy descriptions are the finest treasure to be had from it. Scrooge lives in a dismal locale where his home "had so little business to be, it must have run there when it was a young house playing at hide-and-seek with other houses, and have forgotten the way out again." The plot moves like the wind compared to his novels. Tiny Tim is shallowly drawn, and yet wins more empathy from the reader than Oliver, Nell or Barnaby could muster. The ending is not so over the top as the movie versions, but even so Bob Crachit is tempted to call for a straightjacket when confronted by a transformed Scrooge. show more Too much thought at the end is liable to break the charming spell, if you attempt to imagine being confronted by such a man undergoing such a dramatic change. There's no need for that, just read and enjoy. show less
If I were to guess how many times I’ve read this book, I’d say somewhere in the neighborhood of 25 times. I read it to my children when they were growing up. I read it to other people’s children. I’ve listened to it numerous times. (My favorite recording is by the great actor, Patrick Stewart)
This novella is considered by some as one of the best books ever written. I would include myself among those who think it so. Dickens entertains us with a wonderful story of redemption that is full of suspense, the supernatural, crisp action, thick, vivid atmosphere, and of course, Christmas.
There is a philosophy of living here that Dickens sums up as “keeping Christmas”. Something akin to the Golden Rule, he has Scrooge learning the show more proper way to live--in service to his fellow man--not just at that festive time of year when it seems easier because of the spirits of Christmas past, present, and future, but all the way through the year. It’s a lesson that even the most generous among us should reflect upon regularly, but more so, those who have become hardened by this often harsh and unfair world we call home.
If you only know the story through films and plays, you are missing quite a lot of the beauty of this masterpiece. Dickens penned the story hurriedly in 1843, yet it is perhaps his finest work. It can be argued that the publication of this tale and its subsequent reprintings and theatrical versions have done more to influence the joys of the season than the spirits themselves.
If you’ve never read it, do yourself a favor. Dickens certainly knew what he was about.
And as Tiny Tim said, “God bless us, everyone.” show less
This novella is considered by some as one of the best books ever written. I would include myself among those who think it so. Dickens entertains us with a wonderful story of redemption that is full of suspense, the supernatural, crisp action, thick, vivid atmosphere, and of course, Christmas.
There is a philosophy of living here that Dickens sums up as “keeping Christmas”. Something akin to the Golden Rule, he has Scrooge learning the show more proper way to live--in service to his fellow man--not just at that festive time of year when it seems easier because of the spirits of Christmas past, present, and future, but all the way through the year. It’s a lesson that even the most generous among us should reflect upon regularly, but more so, those who have become hardened by this often harsh and unfair world we call home.
If you only know the story through films and plays, you are missing quite a lot of the beauty of this masterpiece. Dickens penned the story hurriedly in 1843, yet it is perhaps his finest work. It can be argued that the publication of this tale and its subsequent reprintings and theatrical versions have done more to influence the joys of the season than the spirits themselves.
If you’ve never read it, do yourself a favor. Dickens certainly knew what he was about.
And as Tiny Tim said, “God bless us, everyone.” show less
A Masterpiece Alongside Two Failures: An Uneven Collection
A Christmas Carol is a five-star masterwork—a story with perfect unity of plot and profound emotional power. Dickens crafted something that works on multiple levels simultaneously: ghost story, moral fable, and deeply human portrait of transformation. The structure is elegant, the characterisation vivid, and reading it in one sitting (as Dickens intended for his public readings) delivers a genuinely moving experience. For anyone who's experienced conversion or recovery, Scrooge's journey resonates with particular force. The story's core—everyone deserves a chance to change and put things right—is delivered through imaginative experience rather than didactic preaching.
This show more Capstone Classics edition, however, pairs Carol with two of Dickens's lesser Christmas books: The Chimes and The Cricket on the Hearth. Both demonstrate why A Christmas Carol became the enduring classic while these faded into obscurity. The Chimes lacks coherent unity—I finished it wondering what actually happened. The Cricket on the Hearth muddles its characters (I struggled to tell them apart) and offers a confused plot involving people making assumptions about their beloveds, but the threads never cohere.
Tom Butler-Bowdon's introduction acknowledges the story's multiplicity without reducing it to mere allegory, though he does impose an economic-political framework—reading Scrooge as representing "the worst of free-market capitalism"—that risks flattening a psychologically complex character into a symbol.
Read this edition for A Christmas Carol, which alone justifies the purchase. The companion stories are historical curiosities that highlight why masterpieces are rare, even from great authors. show less
A Christmas Carol is a five-star masterwork—a story with perfect unity of plot and profound emotional power. Dickens crafted something that works on multiple levels simultaneously: ghost story, moral fable, and deeply human portrait of transformation. The structure is elegant, the characterisation vivid, and reading it in one sitting (as Dickens intended for his public readings) delivers a genuinely moving experience. For anyone who's experienced conversion or recovery, Scrooge's journey resonates with particular force. The story's core—everyone deserves a chance to change and put things right—is delivered through imaginative experience rather than didactic preaching.
This show more Capstone Classics edition, however, pairs Carol with two of Dickens's lesser Christmas books: The Chimes and The Cricket on the Hearth. Both demonstrate why A Christmas Carol became the enduring classic while these faded into obscurity. The Chimes lacks coherent unity—I finished it wondering what actually happened. The Cricket on the Hearth muddles its characters (I struggled to tell them apart) and offers a confused plot involving people making assumptions about their beloveds, but the threads never cohere.
Tom Butler-Bowdon's introduction acknowledges the story's multiplicity without reducing it to mere allegory, though he does impose an economic-political framework—reading Scrooge as representing "the worst of free-market capitalism"—that risks flattening a psychologically complex character into a symbol.
Read this edition for A Christmas Carol, which alone justifies the purchase. The companion stories are historical curiosities that highlight why masterpieces are rare, even from great authors. show less
How do I review such a widely-beloved classic? What more is there to say?
This story never gets old. Its ideas are still relevant today, its characters still charming, its ghosts still impressive. Its portrait of Christmas celebrations still delights readers and shapes their own festivities. This is a tale of magic—of regret, redemption, hope, and love. It is heartwarming and uplifting and life-affirming. I like that Scrooge’s change doesn’t happen all at once: he is already wishing that he had been kinder while he’s with the ghost of Christmas Past. I also like that Scrooge, by some standards, was always doing some things right. He mourned for his friend Jacob when no one else did, he always strove to be straightforward in his show more business dealings, and he never lied or cheated. He was always honest, even to the point of rudeness. It is implied (though not stated) that he would have tried to help Tiny Tim earlier if he’d only known of his condition. The whole point is that it wasn’t enough for Scrooge not to hurt anyone: he needed to actively help others. His wake-up call transformed his life. Finally, I like the idea that it’s never too late to change. And when Scrooge’s adventure is over, Dickens creates the perfect euphoric atmosphere. What a glorious tale! show less
This story never gets old. Its ideas are still relevant today, its characters still charming, its ghosts still impressive. Its portrait of Christmas celebrations still delights readers and shapes their own festivities. This is a tale of magic—of regret, redemption, hope, and love. It is heartwarming and uplifting and life-affirming. I like that Scrooge’s change doesn’t happen all at once: he is already wishing that he had been kinder while he’s with the ghost of Christmas Past. I also like that Scrooge, by some standards, was always doing some things right. He mourned for his friend Jacob when no one else did, he always strove to be straightforward in his show more business dealings, and he never lied or cheated. He was always honest, even to the point of rudeness. It is implied (though not stated) that he would have tried to help Tiny Tim earlier if he’d only known of his condition. The whole point is that it wasn’t enough for Scrooge not to hurt anyone: he needed to actively help others. His wake-up call transformed his life. Finally, I like the idea that it’s never too late to change. And when Scrooge’s adventure is over, Dickens creates the perfect euphoric atmosphere. What a glorious tale! show less
The idea of actually reading a story as omnipresent as A Christmas Carol always seemed a bit redundant to me. The story and its characters have infused Western Culture to such an extent that they’ve become archetypes, and the plot a formula. But this year I picked up a Penguin Classics edition of Dickens Christmas stories at a thrift store and so it found its way onto my shelf. I’ve been meaning to get around to reading some Dickens for a few years now; like this story, I sort of assumed that there was nothing for me to learn from an author that already seemed to have sublimated into the culture. As I’ve gotten older, I’ve learned that classics are classics for a reason, and are often much stranger and more interesting than show more their offshoots would lead you to believe.
The most striking thing about this story is how scary it is. The ghosts are described in an almost psychedelic, hallucinatory way, and at the introduction of each subsequent phantom I was amazed at the vividness of Dickens’ . It speaks to the paucity of the modern imagination that is seems incredible he could fashion such imagery with only words, and without having seen the fruits of art and technology that have made the kind of thing he is describing cheap and common with the advent of film and computer generated imagery.
I’m also struck by the presence of Death stalking all of these pages. Adaptations focus on Scrooge’s redemption arc, but they often leave out what is the most disturbing revelation he has on his journey, and which Dickens is reminding us all of: we will all die. Scrooge’s greed and stinginess is merely a symptom of a denial of death, a hoarding of worldly good at the expense of what is truly precious in life. show less
The most striking thing about this story is how scary it is. The ghosts are described in an almost psychedelic, hallucinatory way, and at the introduction of each subsequent phantom I was amazed at the vividness of Dickens’ . It speaks to the paucity of the modern imagination that is seems incredible he could fashion such imagery with only words, and without having seen the fruits of art and technology that have made the kind of thing he is describing cheap and common with the advent of film and computer generated imagery.
I’m also struck by the presence of Death stalking all of these pages. Adaptations focus on Scrooge’s redemption arc, but they often leave out what is the most disturbing revelation he has on his journey, and which Dickens is reminding us all of: we will all die. Scrooge’s greed and stinginess is merely a symptom of a denial of death, a hoarding of worldly good at the expense of what is truly precious in life. show less
A charming and occasionally humorous novel, A Christmas Carol remains a perfect read for the Christmas season, though I must admit I’m far too impatient to wait until December to read it (I must say, shamefully, that this is my first reading of A Christmas Carol). Dickens masterfully juxtaposes the cruel, unforgiving winter with the warmth and joy found in families celebrating Christmas together, even in poverty. Some moments feel especially poignant and heart-warming, particularly the scenes with Tiny Tim and the Cratchits gathered around their modest feast, as well as the glimpses of Scrooge’s cheerful and generous nephew.
"It is a fair, even-handed, noble adjustment of things, that while there is infection in disease and sorrow, show more there is nothing in the world so irresistibly contagious as laughter and good-humour." show less
"It is a fair, even-handed, noble adjustment of things, that while there is infection in disease and sorrow, show more there is nothing in the world so irresistibly contagious as laughter and good-humour." show less
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Talk Discussions
Current Discussions
Christmas Carol LE? in Folio Society Devotees (December 2025)
Past Discussions
Lyra's Christmas Carol in Fine Press Forum (December 2023)
Lyra's Books A Christmas Carol in Fine Press Forum (January 2022)
Dickens's Christmas Carol Illustrated by Arthur Rackham DLE (Item#3797; $276) in Easton Press Collectors (November 2021)
Book covers - A Christmas Carol in Tattered but still lovely (December 2014)
Charles Dickens on U.S. debt in Pro and Con (May 2011)
DISCUSS "A CHRISTMAS CAROL" HERE in The Green Dragon (January 2007)
The "A Christmas Carol" Reading and Discussion Thread in The Green Dragon (December 2006)
Author Information

Charles Dickens, perhaps the best British novelist of the Victorian era, was born in Portsmouth, Hampshire, England on February 7, 1812. His happy early childhood was interrupted when his father was sent to debtors' prison, and young Dickens had to go to work in a factory at age twelve. Later, he took jobs as an office boy and journalist before show more publishing essays and stories in the 1830s. His first novel, The Pickwick Papers, made him a famous and popular author at the age of twenty-five. Subsequent works were published serially in periodicals and cemented his reputation as a master of colorful characterization, and as a harsh critic of social evils and corrupt institutions. His many books include Oliver Twist, David Copperfield, Bleak House, Great Expectations, Little Dorrit, A Christmas Carol, and A Tale of Two Cities. Dickens married Catherine Hogarth in 1836, and the couple had nine children before separating in 1858 when he began a long affair with Ellen Ternan, a young actress. Despite the scandal, Dickens remained a public figure, appearing often to read his fiction. He died in 1870, leaving his final novel, The Mystery of Edwin Drood, unfinished. (Bowker Author Biography) show less
Some Editions
Awards and Honors
Series
Belongs to Publisher Series
Work Relationships
Is contained in
Oliver Twist / A Christmas Carol / David Copperfield / A Tale of Two Cities / Great Expectations by Charles Dickens
A Christmas Carol and Other Haunting Tales (New York Public Library Collector's Edition) [Illustrated] by Charles Dickens
About Time: The Forerunners of Time Travel and Temporal Anomalies in Science Fiction and Fantasy by Chad Arment
A Boxful of Ghosts: The Complete Ghost Stories of M. R. James, Charles Dickens's Ghost Stories, Best Ghost Stories, Irish Ghost Stories (Collectors Library) by M. R. James
Inspiration Three: Three Famous Classics in One Book, Volume V [The Story of the Other Wise Man, A Christmas Carol,The Gift of the Magi] by David Poling
Duan na Nollag i bprós, nó, scéal taibhsí don Nollaig / le Charles Dickens ; arna chur i nGaeilge ag an Athair Pádraig Ua Duinnín ; arna chur in eagar agus in oiriúint ag Maitiú Ó Coimín. by Charles Dickens
The Greatest Christmas Stories of All Time: Timeless Classics That Celebrate the Season by Standard Publishing Company
Is retold in
Has the (non-series) sequel
Has the adaptation
Classics Illustrated Deluxe #9: Scrooge, A Christmas Carol & A Remembrance of Mugby by Charles Dickens by Rodolphe
A Christmas Carol: A Radio Play Based on Charles Dickens' Classic Short Story (Audio Theater) (LIBRARY EDITION) by Charles Dickens
Is abridged in
Is expanded in
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Inspired
Has as a reference guide/companion
Has as a commentary on the text
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Has as a teacher's guide
Common Knowledge
- Canonical title
- A Christmas Carol
- Original title
- A Christmas Carol
- Alternate titles*
- Canto di Natale; Racconto di Natale
- Original publication date
- 1843-12-17
- People/Characters
- Ebenezer Scrooge; Jacob Marley (Scrooge's late partner); Tiny Tim Cratchit; Bob Cratchit (Scrooge's clerk); Ghost of Christmas Past; Ghost of Christmas Present (show all 15); Ghost of Christmas Yet to Come; Fred (Scrooge's Nephew); Martha Cratchit (Bob's oldest daughter); Belinda Cratchit (Bob's second daughter); Peter Cratchit (Bob's oldest son); Fan Scrooge (Ebenezer's sister, after marriage, Fred's mother); Mr. Fezziwig (Scrooge's employer when he was an apprentice); Dick Wilkins (Fezziwig's other apprentice); Belle [A Christmas Carol] (love interest of Ebenezer Scrooge)
- Important places
- London, England, UK; Camden Town, London, England, UK; Scrooge's office, London, England, UK; Scrooge's house, London, England, UK; Scrooge's childhood school, England, UK; Fezziwig's place of business, England, UK (show all 9); Belle, her husband, and children's home, England, UK; Fred's house, London, England, UK; England, UK
- Important events
- Christmas; Victorian Era; 19th century
- Related movies
- Scrooge (1951 | IMDb); A Christmas Carol (1951 | IMDb); Mister Magoo's Christmas Carol (1962 | TV | IMDb); Scrooge (1970 | IMDb); A Christmas Carol (1971 | TV | IMDb); An American Christmas Carol (1979 | IMDb) (show all 13); Mickey's Christmas Carol (1983 | IMDb); A Christmas Carol (1984 | Clive Donner | IMDb); Scrooged (1988 | Richard Donner | IMDb); The Muppet Christmas Carol (1992 | Brian Henson | IMDb); A Christmas Carol (1999 | TV | IMDb); A Christmas Carol (2009 | Robert Zemeckis | IMDb); Christmas Above the Clouds (2025 | IMDb)
- First words
- Marley was dead: to begin with. There is no doubt whatever about that. The register of his burial was signed by the clergyman, the clerk, the undertaker, and the chief mourner. Scrooge signed it: and Scrooge's name was good u... (show all)pon 'Change, for anything he chose to put his hand to. Old Marley was as dead as a door-nail.
- Quotations
- "God bless us, every one!" said Tiny Tim, the last of all.
"Bah!" said Scrooge. "Humbug!"
Marley was dead: to begin with.
If you should happen, by any unlikely chance, to know a man more blest in a laugh than Scrooge's nephew, all I can say is I should like to know him too.
[This is when Scrooge is about to meet the Ghost of Christmas Past. The clock has struck 12 and he's wondering if it's noon or midnight, even though it's dark. He's not hearing people rushing around outside, though. Becaus... (show all)e the story was first published in 1843, this snark must be about the US depression of 1837-1844.]
... This was a great relief, because 'three days after sight of this First of Exchange pay to Mr. Ebenezer Scrooge or his order,' and so forth, would have become a mere United States security if there were no days to count by.
[Scrooge is waiting for the Ghost of Christmas Present to show up in his bedroom, which is filled with a ruddy light.]
... and which, being only light, was more alarming than a dozen ghosts, as he was powerless to mak... (show all)e out what it meant, or would be at; and was sometimes apprehensive that he might be at that very moment an interesting case of spontaneous combustion, without having the consolation of knowing it.
[This was about bakers leaving their ovens available, for a small fee, for poor people to cook their dinners on Sundays and others wanting those ovens cold on the Sabbath. Scrooge wanted to know why the Ghost of Christmas Pr... (show all)esent would want to have those ovens closed on Sundays and deprive poor persons of a chance for their one real meal a week.]
'I seek!' exclaimed the Spirit.
'Forgive me if I am wrong. It has been done in your name, or at least in that of your family,' said Scrooge.
'There are some upon this earth of yours,' returned the Spirit, 'who lay claim to know us, and who do their deeds of passion, pride, ill-will, hatred, envy, bigotry, and selfishness in our name, who are as strange to us and all our kith and kin, as if they had never lived. Remember that, and charge their doings on themselves, not us.' - Last words
- (Click to show. Warning: May contain spoilers.)He had no further intercourse with Spirits, but lived upon the Total Abstinence Principle, ever afterwards; and it was always said of him, that he knew how to keep Christmas well, if any man alive possessed the knowledge. May that be truly said of us, and all of us! And so, as Tiny Tim observed, God bless Us, Every One!
- Publisher's editor*
- Lletres majúscules
- Original language
- English
- Canonical DDC/MDS
- 823.83; 823.08733
- Disambiguation notice
- This work contains various editions of the unabridged book "A Christmas Carol" by Charles Dickens. Please do not combine it with adaptations or abridgments, or with collections that contain additional works.
I am assuming (without any evidence!) that the Puffin children's edition is an adaptation: if you know that it is NOT, please combine with the main work, otherwise leave it be.
Specially edited for reading aloud before an audience.
ISBN 1568461828 is not a DK Eyewitness Classics edition.
ISBN 1580495796 is "Unabridged with glossary and reader's notes." "This Prestwick House edition, is an unabridged republication of A Christmas Carol, published by George Routledge and Sons, London."
ISBN 1857159284 is an Everyman's Library Children's Classics edition of A Christmas Carol.
*Some information comes from Common Knowledge in other languages. Click "Edit" for more information.
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